Centre for Distance & Online Education

INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT ANSWERS

SESSION SEPTEMBER 2024
PROGRAM BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (BCA)
SEMESTER II
COURSE CODE & NAME DCA1201 – DIGITAL LOGIC
CREDITS 4
NUMBER OF ASSIGNMENTS & 02
MARKS 30

SET – I
1. Distinguish between Half adders and Full adders?
Ans. Half Adders and Full Adders are digital circuits that perform
arithmetic operations, specifically addition. The main difference between them lies in the
number of inputs they can handle and the complexity of the operations they perform.
Half Adder
A Half Adder is a digital circuit that adds two single-bit binary numbers (A and B). It produces
two outputs: Sum (S) and Carry (C). The Half Adder can only handle two inputs, and it does
not have a Carry input.
Truth Table of Half Adder:

A B S C

0 0 0 0

0 1 1 0

1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1
Full Adder
A Full Adder is a digital circuit that adds three single-bit binary numbers (A, B, and Cin). It
produces two outputs: Sum (S) and Carry (Cout). The Full Adder can handle three inputs,
including a Carry input from a previous addition.

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Truth Table of Full Adder:

A B Cin S Cout

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 0

0 1 0 1 0

0 1 1 0 1

1 0 1 0 1

1 1 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 1

In summary:
- Half Adder: Adds two single-bit binary numbers, produces Sum and Carry outputs, and does
not have a Carry input.
- Full Adder: Adds three single-bit binary numbers (including a Carry input), produces Sum
and Carry outputs, and can handle multiple-bit binary numbers by cascading
multiple Full Adders.

2. List and Explain different types of Flip-Flops?

Ans. Flip-flops are basic digital memory circuits that can store
a bit of information (0 or 1). They are widely used in digital electronics, computer systems, and
communication networks. There are several types of flip-flops, each with its own unique
characteristics and applications.
Here are some of the most common types of flip-flops:
1. SR Flip-Flop (Set-Reset Flip-Flop):
An SR flip-flop is the most basic type of flip-flop. It has two inputs: Set (S) and Reset (R).
When S is high and R is low, the flip-flop sets to 1. When R is high and S is low, the flip-flop
resets to 0.

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2. D Flip-Flop (Data Flip-Flop):
A D flip-flop is a modified version of the SR flip-flop. It has two inputs: Data (D) and Clock
(CLK). The output of the flip-flop is the same as the input data when the clock is high.
3. JK Flip-Flop:
A JK flip-flop is similar to the SR flip-flop, but it has an additional input called the Clock
(CLK). The JK flip-flop can be used to create a counter or a shift register.
4. T Flip-Flop (Toggle Flip-Flop):
A T flip-flop is a type of JK flip-flop where the J and K inputs are tied together. When the clock
is high, the output of the flip-flop toggles between 0 and 1.
5. Master-Slave Flip-Flop:
A master-slave flip-flop is a type of flip-flop that uses two separate flip-flops: a master flip-
flop and a slave flip-flop. The master flip-flop is triggered by the clock signal, and the slave
flip-flop is triggered by the inverted clock signal.
6. Edge-Triggered Flip-Flop:
An edge-triggered flip-flop is a type of flip-flop that is triggered by the rising or falling edge
of the clock signal.
7. Pulse-Triggered Flip-Flop:
A pulse-triggered flip-flop is a type of flip-flop that is triggered by the presence of a pulse on
the clock signal.
Each type of flip-flop has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice of which one
to use depends on the specific application and requirements.
In summary:
- SR flip-flop: Basic flip-flop with set and reset inputs.
- D flip-flop: Modified SR flip-flop with data and clock inputs.
- JK flip-flop: Similar to SR flip-flop, but with clock input and additional functionality.
- T flip-flop: Type of JK flip-flop with toggle functionality.
- Master-slave flip-flop: Uses two separate flip-flops for improved performance.
- Edge-triggered flip-flop: Triggered by rising or falling edge of clock signal.
- Pulse-triggered flip-flop: Triggered by presence of pulse on clock signal.

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3. Simplify the following Boolean function, f(W,X,Y,Z)=∑m(2,6,8,9,10,11,14,15)
using Quine-McClukey tabular method.
Ans. To simplify the Boolean function f(W,X,Y,Z) =
∑m(2,6,8,9,10,11,14,15) using the Quine-McCluskey tabular method, we need to follow these
steps:
Step 1: Convert the minterms to binary
Convert each minterm to its binary equivalent.
m(2) = 0010
m(6) = 0110
m(8) = 1000
m(9) = 1001
m(10) = 1010
m(11) = 1011
m(14) = 1110
m(15) = 1111

Step 2: Group the minterms by the number of 1s

Group the minterms by the number of 1s in their binary representation.
Group 0: 0010 (m(2))
Group 1: 0110 (m(6)), 1000 (m(8))
Group 2: 1001 (m(9)), 1010 (m(10)), 1011 (m(11))
Group 3: 1110 (m(14)), 1111 (m(15))

Step 3: Compare adjacent groups and combine minterms

Compare adjacent groups and combine minterms that differ by only one bit.
Group 0-1: 0010 (m(2)) and 0110 (m(6)) combine to form 01-0
Group 1-2: 1000 (m(8)) and 1001 (m(9)) combine to form 100-
Group 2-3: 1010 (m(10)), 1011 (m(11)), and 1110 (m(14)) combine to form 10-0 and 11-0
Group 3: 1111 (m(15)) remains unchanged

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Step 4: Repeat step 3 until no further combinations are possible
Repeat step 3 until no further combinations are possible.
Group 0-1-2: 01-0 and 100- combine to form -1-0
Group 2-3: 10-0 and 11-0 combine to form 1-0

Step 5: Write the simplified Boolean function

Write the simplified Boolean function using the combined minterms.

f(W,X,Y,Z) = -1-0 + 1-0 + 1111

= X'Y'Z + X'YZ' + XYZ

The final answer is f(W,X,Y,Z)=W′Z+X′Y+XZ′+YZ′

SET-II
4. Explain the working of Johnson Counter with appropriate truth table.
Ans. A Johnson counter, also known as a twisted ring counter,
is a type of digital counter that uses a shift register to count the number of clock pulses. It is
called a "twisted" ring counter because the output of the last stage is fed back to the first stage,
but with an inversion.

Working of Johnson Counter:

The Johnson counter consists of a series of flip-flops connected in a ring configuration. Each
flip-flop is triggered by the clock pulse, and the output of each flip-flop is fed to the next stage.

Here is a 4-bit Johnson counter:

Stage 1: Q0
Stage 2: Q1
Stage 3: Q2
Stage 4: Q3

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The output of the last stage (Q3) is fed back to the first stage (Q0), but with an inversion (Q3').
This creates a "twist" in the ring counter.
Truth Table:
Here is the truth table for a 4-bit Johnson counter:

Clock Pulse Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3

0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0

2 1 1 0 0

3 1 1 1 0

4 1 1 1 1

5 0 1 1 1

6 0 0 1 1

7 0 0 0 1

8 0 0 0 0
Operation:
1. Initially, all the flip-flops are reset to 0.
2. When the first clock pulse is applied, Q0 becomes 1, and the rest of the flip-flops remain 0.
3. When the second clock pulse is applied, Q0 remains 1, and Q1 becomes 1.
4. This process continues until all the flip-flops are 1.
5. When the next clock pulse is applied, Q3 becomes 0, and Q0 becomes 1 (due to the twisted
feedback).
6. The counter then continues to count in a Gray code sequence.

The Johnson counter has several advantages, including:

- It can count up to 2n-1, where n is the number of stages.
- It has a simple and compact design.

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- It can be used to generate a Gray code sequence.

However, the Johnson counter also has some disadvantages, including:

- It is not a straightforward binary counter.
- It requires a twisted feedback connection, which can be confusing to implement.

5. Explain the working principle of a Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)?

Ans. A Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) is an electronic
device that converts a digital signal into an analog signal. The working principle of a DAC is
based on the concept of quantization, where a digital signal is represented by a series of discrete
values.
Working Principle of a DAC:
1. Digital Input: The DAC receives a digital input signal, which is a series of binary digits (0s
and 1s).
2. Quantization: The digital input signal is quantized, which means that it is converted into a
discrete number of levels. The number of levels is determined by the resolution of the DAC.
3. Weighted Sum: The quantized digital signal is then converted into a weighted sum of
currents or voltages. Each bit of the digital signal is assigned a weight, which is determined by
its position in the binary word.
4. Summation: The weighted currents or voltages are summed together to produce an analog
output signal.
5. Analog Output: The resulting analog output signal is a representation of the original digital
input signal.

Types of DACs:
1. Binary Weighted DAC: This is the simplest type of DAC, where each bit of the digital input
signal is assigned a weight that is a power of 2.
2. R-2R Ladder DAC: This type of DAC uses a resistor ladder network to generate the
weighted currents.
3. Delta-Sigma DAC: This type of DAC uses a delta-sigma modulator to convert the digital
input signal into a high-frequency pulse train.

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Advantages of DACs:
1. High Accuracy: DACs can provide high accuracy and resolution, making them suitable for
applications such as audio and medical devices.
2. Fast Conversion Time: DACs can convert digital signals to analog signals quickly, making
them suitable for applications such as video and communications.
3. Low Power Consumption: DACs can operate at low power consumption, making them
suitable for battery-powered devices.

Applications of DACs:
1. Audio Equipment: DACs are used in audio equipment such as CD players and digital audio
workstations.
2. Medical Devices: DACs are used in medical devices such as ECG and EEG machines.
3. Industrial Control Systems: DACs are used in industrial control systems to convert digital
signals to analog signals for control and monitoring purposes.

6. Write a short note on MODEM?

Ans. A MODEM (Modulator-Demodulator) is a device that enables
computers to communicate with each other over analog telephone lines or other communication
channels. It converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals that can be transmitted
over the telephone line, and vice versa.
Here's a step-by-step explanation of how a modem works:
Modulation Process
1. Digital Data: The computer sends digital data (0s and 1s) to the modem.
2. Modulation: The modem converts the digital data into an analog signal using a modulation
technique such as Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK), Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK), or
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
3. Carrier Wave: The modem generates a carrier wave, which is a high-frequency analog
signal.
4. Modulated Signal: The modem modulates the carrier wave with the analog signal, creating
a modulated signal.

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Transmission Process
1. Transmission: The modulated signal is transmitted over the telephone line to the receiving
modem.
2. Analog Signal: The modulated signal is transmitted as an analog signal over the telephone
line.

Demodulation Process
1. Receiving Modem: The receiving modem receives the modulated signal.
2. Demodulation: The modem demodulates the received signal, extracting the original analog
signal.
3. Digital Data: The modem converts the analog signal back into digital data (0s and 1s).
4. Computer: The digital data is sent to the computer.

Types of MODEMs
1. Dial-up MODEM: Uses a telephone line to connect to the internet.
2. Broadband MODEM: Uses a high-speed internet connection, such as cable or DSL.
3. Wireless MODEM: Uses wireless technology, such as Wi-Fi or cellular networks.

Importance of MODEMs
MODEMs play a crucial role in enabling computers to communicate with each other over long
distances. They are widely used in various applications, including internet access, remote work,
and online gaming.

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