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SQL Notes

This document provides an overview of various SQL functions including LOWER(), LEFT(), RIGHT(), CAST(), ROUND(), CEILING(), FLOOR(), and REPLACE(), along with their syntax and examples. It also includes SQL query examples demonstrating the use of these functions for data manipulation and retrieval. Additionally, it explains how to use the ORDER BY clause with multiple filters and the CASE WHEN statement.

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saumya ranjan nayak
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2 views10 pages

SQL Notes

This document provides an overview of various SQL functions including LOWER(), LEFT(), RIGHT(), CAST(), ROUND(), CEILING(), FLOOR(), and REPLACE(), along with their syntax and examples. It also includes SQL query examples demonstrating the use of these functions for data manipulation and retrieval. Additionally, it explains how to use the ORDER BY clause with multiple filters and the CASE WHEN statement.

Uploaded by

saumya ranjan nayak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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Tab 1

SQL Notes

Functions

LOWER():

●​ Converts the first and last characters to


lowercase to handle case-insensitivity.

LEFT(city, 1):

●​ Extracts the first character of the city name.

RIGHT(city, 1):

●​ Extracts the last character of the city name.

IN ('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u'):

●​ Ensures that both the first and last characters


are vowels.

DISTINCT:

●​ Ensures that the result does not contain


duplicates.
LIKE 'A%': Matches cities that start with the
letter 'A'.

SELECT DISTINCT city FROM station


WHERE city LIKE 'A%'
OR city LIKE 'E%'
OR city LIKE 'I%'
OR city LIKE 'O%'
OR city LIKE 'U%';

CAST(): The CAST() function in SQL is used to


convert (or cast) a value from one data type to
another.

​ Syntax: CAST(expression AS target_data_type)

1. Convert a String to an Integer

SELECT CAST('123' AS INT) AS converted_value;


-- Result: 123

2. Convert an Integer to a String


SELECT CAST(123 AS VARCHAR(10)) AS
converted_value; -- Result: '123'

Example:
SELECT CAST('123.45' AS DECIMAL(10,2)) AS
result; -- Result: 123.45
-- Here the 10 represents the precision of the
decimal value.

💡. When you define a DECIMAL(p, s) (or


NUMERIC(p, s)), the parameters mean:

1.​ p (Precision):
○​ Total number of digits that can be
stored, including digits before and
after the decimal point.
○​ In this case, 5 means up to 5 digits
total.
2.​ s (Scale):
○​ The number of digits allowed after the
decimal point.
○​ In this case, 2 means there are 2
digits after the decimal point.

ROUND(): The ROUND() function in SQL is used to round a


numeric value to a specified number of decimal places.

​ Syntax: ROUND(number, decimal_places)


Example 1: Rounding to Decimal Places
SELECT ROUND(123.456, 2) AS result; -- Result:
123.46
SELECT ROUND(123.451, 2) AS result; -- Result:
123.45
Example 2: Rounding to Whole Numbers
SELECT ROUND(123.456, 0) AS result; -- Result:
123
SELECT ROUND(123.789, 0) AS result; -- Result:
124

Example 3: Rounding to the Left of the Decimal


SELECT ROUND(123.456, -1) AS result; -- Result:
120
SELECT ROUND(987.654, -2) AS result; -- Result:
1000

💡. Here -1 or -2 means it considers 1 or 2


digits before the decimal point to round up.

CEILING(): The CEILING() function in SQL is used to return


the smallest integer value greater than or equal to a given
number. It's particularly useful when you need to round numbers
up to the nearest whole number.

Examples:

1. Simple Usage
SELECT CEILING(10.1) AS result; -- Output: 11
SELECT CEILING(-4.8) AS result; -- Output: -4
SELECT CEILING(5.0) AS result; -- Output: 5
2. Working with Columns

Suppose you have a table called Products with a column


Price. You want to find the ceiling of each product's price:
SELECT ProductID, Price, CEILING(Price) AS
rounded_price
FROM Products;
3. Used in Calculations

You can combine CEILING() with arithmetic operations:

SELECT CEILING(123.456 / 10) AS result;


-- Output: 13

💡. Key Notes:
The CEILING() function always rounds up, even for negative
numbers:

○​ Example: CEILING(-4.2) → -4 (it rounds towards zero).

FLOOR(): FLOOR() works oppositely by rounding down to the


nearest integer.

○​ Example: FLOOR(10.8) → 10, FLOOR(-4.2) → -5.

REPLACE(): The REPLACE() function in SQL is used to replace


all occurrences of a specified substring in a string with another
substring. It works on strings and is useful for string manipulation
tasks such as cleaning or formatting data.​

Syntax: REPLACE(string, old_substring, new_substring)​

●​ Every occurrence of old_substring in string is


replaced with new_substring.
●​ If old_substring is not found, the function returns the
original string unchanged.

​ Examples:

1. Basic Example

SELECT REPLACE('Hello World', 'World', 'SQL')


AS result;

-- Output: 'Hello SQL'


2. Replace Numbers

SELECT REPLACE('123-456-7890', '-', '') AS


result;

-- Output: '1234567890'
3. Replace in a Column

If you have a table named Customers with a column


PhoneNumber and you want to remove dashes (-) from the
phone numbers:

SELECT CustomerID, PhoneNumber,


REPLACE(PhoneNumber, '-', '') AS CleanPhone

FROM Customers;
4. Case-Sensitive Replacement

In most databases, REPLACE() is case-sensitive. For example:

SELECT REPLACE('Hello World', 'world', 'SQL')


AS result;
-- Output: 'Hello World' (no change, as 'world'
!= 'World')
5. Replace Multiple Characters

You can chain REPLACE() calls to replace multiple substrings:

SELECT REPLACE(REPLACE('abc123xyz', '123',


'456'), 'xyz', '789') AS result;

-- Output: 'abc456789'

SELECT CAST(CEILING(AVG(CAST(Salary as
Float))-AVG(CAST(REPLACE(CAST(Salary AS
VARCHAR(10)),'0','') AS FLOAT))) AS INT) FROM
Employees;

cast(ceiling(AVG(CAST(Salary as
Float))-AVG(CAST(REPLACE(CAST(Salary AS
VARCHAR(10)),'0','') AS FLOAT))) as int

select top 1 (months*salary) as max_salary,


count(*) as anything from employee

group by (months*salary)

order by max_salary desc


select round(max(long_w), 4) as lon_g

from station

where lat_n =

(select max(lat_n) from station

where lat_n < 137.2345);

Query the Name of any student in STUDENTS who


scored higher than Marks. Order your output by the
last three characters of each name. If two or more
students both have names ending in the same last
three characters (i.e.: Bobby, Robby, etc.),
secondary sort them by ascending ID.

select name from students

where marks > 75

order by right(name, 3), id

💡. Order by () can be used with more than one


filter like the above example.

Case When Statement:

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