PHP Notes

What is PHP?
 PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"

 PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
 PHP scripts are executed on the server
 PHP is free to download and use
What is a PHP File?
 PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
 PHP code is executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as
plain HTML
 PHP files have extension ".php"
What Can PHP Do?
 PHP can generate dynamic web page content

 PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
 PHP can collect form data
 PHP can send and receive cookies
 PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
 PHP can be used to control user-access
 PHP can encrypt data
PHP Structure
<?php echo "Hello Everyone"; ?>
with HTML
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php echo "Hello Everyone"; ?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Echo/Print
PHP echo and print Statements
echo and print are more or less the same. They are both used to output data to the
screen.
The differences are small: echo has no return value while print has a return value of 1 so it
can be used in expressions. echo can take multiple parameters (although such usage is
rare) while print can take one argument. echo is marginally faster than print.
The PHP echo Statement
The echo statement can be used with or without parentheses: echo or echo().
Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the echo command (notice that the
text can contain HTML markup):
echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
echo "Hello world! ";
echo "I'm about to learn PHP! ";
echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple
parameters.";
Display Variables
The following example shows how to output text and variables with the echo statement:
Example
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";
echo "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . " ";
echo $x + $y;
The PHP print Statement

The print statement can be used with or without parentheses: print or print().
Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the print command (notice that the
text can contain HTML markup):
Example
print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
print "Hello world! ";
print "I'm about to learn PHP!";
Display Variables
The following example shows how to output text and variables with the print statement:
Example
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";
print "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . " ";
print $x + $y;
<?php
echo "LBSTI";
echo 'LBSTI';
echo ('LBSTI');
echo "Yahoo","Baba";
echo "Yahoo"."Baba";
echo "<h1>Yahoo"."Baba</h1>";
echo 23.58;
print "<h1>Yahoo"."Baba</h1>";
print 23.58;
?>
PHP Variables
Variables are "containers" for storing information.
Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables
In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable:
Example
$x = 5;
$y = "John"
In the example above, the variable $x will hold the value 5, and the variable $y will hold the
value "John".
PHP Variables
A variable can have a short name (like $x and $y) or a more descriptive name
($age, $carname, $total_volume).
Rules for PHP variables:
 A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
 A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
 A variable name cannot start with a number
 A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-
9, and _ )
 Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables)
Output Variables
The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen.
The following example will show how to output text and a variable:
Example
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love $txt!";

The following example will output the sum of two variables:
Example
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
Assign String to a Variable
Assigning a string to a variable is done with the variable name followed by an equal sign
and the string:
Example
$x = "John";
echo $x;
Assign Multiple Values
You can assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:
Example
All three variables get the value "Fruit":
$x = $y = $z = "Fruit";
<?php
$name = "LBSTI ";
$num = 2358;
echo $name;
echo "<h1>" . $name . "</h1>";
echo "Hello how are you : " . $name ;
echo $num;
?>
PHP Data Types
Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different things.
PHP supports the following data types:
 String
 Integer
 Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
 Boolean
 Array
 Object
 NULL
 Resource
Getting the Data Type
You can get the data type of any object by using the var_dump() function.
Example
The var_dump() function returns the data type and the value:
$x = 5;
var_dump($x);
PHP String
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double quotes:
Example
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello world!';
var_dump($x);
echo " ";
var_dump($y);
PHP Integer
An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.
Rules for integers:
 An integer must have at least one digit

 An integer must not have a decimal point
 An integer can be either positive or negative
 Integers can be specified in: decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), octal (base
8), or binary (base 2) notation
In the following example $x is an integer. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data
type and value:
Example
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
PHP Float
A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a number in exponential
form.
In the following example $x is a float. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type
and value:
Example
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
PHP Boolean
A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.
Example
$x = true;
var_dump($x);
PHP Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable.
In the following example $cars is an array. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data
type and value:
Example
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
PHP NULL Value
Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.
A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it.
Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL.
Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:
Example
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
<?php
$x = "LBSTI";
$x = 2500;
$x = 2500.50;
$x = true;
$x = array("html","css","js");
$x = null;
echo $x . " ";
echo $x[0] . " ";

var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Comment
A comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program. Its only
purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code.
Comments can be used to:
 Let others understand your code

 Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have experienced coming
 back to their own work a year or two later and having to re-figure out what they did.
Comments can remind you of what you were thinking when you wrote the code
 Leave out some parts of your code
PHP supports several ways of commenting:
Example
Syntax for comments in PHP code:
// This is a single-line comment
# This is also a single-line comment
/* This is a
multi-line comment */
Single Line Comments
Single line comments start with //.
Any text between // and the end of the line will be ignored (will not be executed).
You can also use # for single line comments, but in this tutorial we will use //.
The following examples uses a single-line comment as an explanation:
Example
A comment before the code:
// Outputs a welcome message:
echo "Welcome Home!";
Multi-line Comments
Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */.
Any text between /* and */ will be ignored.
The following example uses a multi-line comment as an explanation:
Example
Multi-line comment as an explanation:
/*
The next statement will
print a welcome message
*/
echo "Welcome Home!";
Comments in the Middle of the Code
The multi-line comment syntax can also be used to prevent execution of parts inside a
code-line:
Example
The + 15 part will be ignored in the calculation:
$x = 5 /* + 15 */ + 5;
echo $x;
<?php
/* Single Line Comment */
$x = "LBSTI"; //this is first comment
echo $x;
/* Multiple Line Comment */
/* $x = "LBSTI";
echo $x; */
?>
PHP Constants
A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The value cannot be changed during
the script.
A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (no $ sign before the constant
name).
Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically global across the entire script.
Create a PHP Constant
To create a constant, use the define() function.
Syntax
define(name, value, case-insensitive);
define(name, value, case-insensitive);

Parameters:
 name: Specifies the name of the constant

 value: Specifies the value of the constant
 case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name should be case-insensitive. Default
is false. Note: Defining case-insensitive constants was deprecated in PHP 7.3. PHP 8.0
accepts only false, the value true will produce a warning.
Example
Create a constant with a case-sensitive name:
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");
echo GREETING;
Example
Create a constant with a case-insensitive name:
define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!", true);
echo greeting;
<?php
define("test",50);
echo test;
define("test1",50,true);
echo TEST1;
$sum = test + 20;
echo $sum;
?>
PHP Arithmetic Operators
The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
Operator Name Example Result
+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y
- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y
* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y
/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y
% Modulus $x % $y Remainder of $x divided by $y
** Exponentiation $x ** $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th power
<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 3;
$c = $a + $b;
$c = $a - $b;
$c = $a * $b;
$c = $a / $b;
$c = $a % $b;
$c = $a ** $b;
$c = $a % $b;
$a++;
++$a;
$a--;
$a;
$c = ($a + $b) * 2;
echo $c;
?>
PHP Assignment Operators
The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable.
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the
value of the assignment expression on the right.
Assignment Same as... Description
x=y x=y The left operand gets set to the value of the expression on the right
x += y x=x+y Addition
x -= y x=x-y Subtraction
x *= y x=x*y Multiplication
x /= y x=x/y Division
x %= y x=x%y Modulus
<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 3;
$a = $a + $b;
$a += $b;
$a -= $b;
$a *= $b;
$a /= $b;
$a %= $b;
$a **= $b;
echo $a;
?>
PHP Comparison Operators
The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):
== Equal $x == $y Returns true if $x is equal to $y
=== Identical $x === Returns true if $x is equal to $y, and they are of the same type
$y
!= Not equal $x != $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
<> Not equal $x <> $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y
!== Not identical $x !== $y Returns true if $x is not equal to $y, or they are not of the same
type
> Greater than $x > $y Returns true if $x is greater than $y

< Less than $x < $y Returns true if $x is less than $y
>= Greater than or $x >= $y Returns true if $x is greater than or equal to $y

equal to
<= Less than or $x <= $y Returns true if $x is less than or equal to $y

equal to
<=> Spaceship $x <=> Returns an integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero,
$y depending on if $x is less than, equal to, or greater than $y.
Introduced in PHP 7.
<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 10;
echo $a == $b;
echo $a === $b;
echo $a != $b;
echo $a <> $b;
echo $a !== $b;
echo $a > $b;
echo $a < $b;
echo $a >= $b;
echo $a <= $b;
echo $a <=> $b; //Spaceship (-1,0,1)
?>
PHP If
PHP Conditional Statements
Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different
conditions. You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

 if statement - executes some code if one condition is true
 if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and another code if that
condition is false
 if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than two conditions
 switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed
PHP - The if Statement
The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition) {
// code to be executed if condition is true;
Example
Output "Have a good day!" if 5 is larger than 3:
if (5 > 3) {
echo "Have a good day!";
<?php
$a = 3;
$b = 10;
if($a < $b){
echo "A is Smaller" ;
echo "Here is other statement";

if($a == $b){
if($a === $b){
if($a == $b):
echo "A is Smaller " ;
echo "A is Smaller " ;
endif;
?>
PHP Logical Operators
The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.
and And $x and $y True if both $x and $y are true
or Or $x or $y True if either $x or $y is true
xor Xor $x xor $y True if either $x or $y is true, but not both
&& And $x && $y True if both $x and $y are true

|| Or $x || $y True if either $x or $y is true
! Not !$x True if $x is not true
<?php
$age = 20;
/* Logical And Operator */
if($age >= 18 && $age <= 21){
echo "You are eligible. ";
/* Logical And Operator*/
if($age >= 18 and $age <= 21){
/* Logical Or Operator*/
if($age >= 18 || $age <= 21){
/* Logical Not Operator*/
if(!($age >= 18)){

}
/* Logical xor Operator*/
if($age >= 18 xor $age <= 21){
?>
PHP - The if...else Statement
The if...else statement executes some code if a condition is true and another code if that
condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition) {
// code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
// code to be executed if condition is false;
Example
Output "Have a good day!" if the current time is less than 20, and "Have a good night!"
otherwise:
$t = date("H");
if ($t < "20") {
echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
echo "Have a good night!";
}
<?php
$x = 15;
if($x > 30){
echo "X is Greater.";
}else{
echo "X is Smaller.";
$x = 100;
if($x == 100){
echo "X is Same.";
}else{
echo "X is not Same.";
$name = "LBSTI";
$gender = "male";
if($gender == "male"){
echo "Hello Mr.". $name;
}else{
echo "Hello Miss.". $name;
?>
PHP - The if...elseif...else Statement
The if...elseif...else statement executes different codes for more than two conditions.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
// code to be executed if first condition is false and this

condition is true;
} else {
// code to be executed if all conditions are false;
<?php
$per = 47;
if($per >= 80 && $per <= 100){
echo "You are in Merit.";
} elseif($per >= 60 && $per < 80){
echo "You are in Ist Division.";
} elseif($per >= 45 && $per < 60){
echo "You are in IInd Division.";
} elseif($per >= 33 && $per < 45){
echo "You are in IIIrd Division.";
} elseif($per < 33){

echo "You are Fail.";
} else{
echo "Please Enter Valid Percentage.";
if($per >= 80 && $per <= 100):
echo "You are in Merit.";
elseif($per >= 60 && $per < 80):
echo "You are in Ist Division.";
elseif($per >= 45 && $per < 60):
echo "You are in IInd Division.";
elseif($per >= 33 && $per < 45):
echo "You are in IIIrd Division.";
elseif($per < 33):
echo "You are Fail.";
else:
echo "Please Enter Valid Percentage.";
endif;
?>
The PHP switch Statement
Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code to be executed.
Syntax
switch (expression) {
case label1:
//code block
break;
case label2:
//code block;
break;
case label3:
//code block
break;
default:
//code block
This is how it works:
 The expression is evaluated once

 The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case
 If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed
 The break keyword breaks out of the switch block
 The default code block is executed if there is no match
<?php
$weekday = 7;
switch($weekday){
case 1:
echo "Today is Monday";
break;
case 2:
echo "Today is Tuesday";
break;
case 3:
echo "Today is Wednesday";
break;
case 4:
echo "Today is Thursday";
break;
case 5:
echo "Today is Friday";
break;
case 6:
echo "Today is Saturday";
break;
case 7:
echo "Today is Sunday";
break;
default:
echo "Enter the correct weekday.";
$weekday = 3;
switch($weekday){
case 1 : case 2 : case 3 :
echo "Today is Monday";
echo " This is just test.";
break;
case 4 :
echo "Today is Thursday";
break;
case 5 :
echo "Today is Friday";
break;
case 6 :
echo "Today is Saturday";
break;
case 7 :
echo "Today is Sunday";
break;
default :
echo "Enter the correct weekday.";
$age = 18;
switch($age){
case ($age >= 15 && $age <=20) :
echo "You are eligible.";
break;
case ($age >= 20 && $age <= 30) :
echo "You are not eligible.";
break;
default :
echo "Enter the valid age.";
}
?>
Short Hand If...Else (Ternary Operator)
There is also a short-hand if else, which is known as the ternary operator because it
consists of three operands. It can be used to replace multiple lines of code with a single
line. It is often used to replace simple if else statements:
Syntax
variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;
<?php
$x = 10;
($x > 20) ? $z = "Greater" : $z = "Smaller";
$z = ($x > 20) ? "Greater" : "Smaller";
$z = "Value is " . ($x > 20 ? "Greater" : "Smaller");
echo $z;
?>
Strings
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".

Strings in PHP are surrounded by either double quotation marks, or single quotation marks.
echo "Hello";
echo 'Hello';
Double or Single Quotes?
You can use double or single quotes, but you should be aware of the differences between
the two.
Double quoted strings perform action on special characters.

E.g. when there is a variable in the string, it returns the value of the variable:
Example
Double quoted string literals perform operations for special characters:
$x = "John";
echo "Hello $x";
<?php
$a = "Hello" ;
$s = $a . " World ";
$a = 200;
$s = $a . " World " . 500;
$s = "Hello ";
$s .= " this is";
$s .= " our world";
$s .= 555;
echo $s;
?>
PHP while Loop
PHP while Loop
The while loop executes a block of code as long as the specified condition is true.
Example
Print $i as long as $i is less than 6:
$i = 1;
while ($i < 6) {
echo $i;
$i++;
}
The while loop does not run a specific number of times, but checks after each iteration if
the condition is still true.
The condition does not have to be a counter, it could be the status of an operation or any
condition that evaluates to either true or false.
<?php
$a = 1;
while($a <= 10){
echo "Hello LBSTI ";
$a = $a + 1; //Increment Loop
while($a <= 20){
echo $a . ") Hello LBSTI ";
$a = $a++; //counting
$a = 10;
while($a >= 1){
echo $a . ") Hello LBSTI ";
$a--; //Decrement Loop
echo "<ul>";
while($a >= 1){
echo "<li>".$a . ") Hello LBSTI</li>";
$a = $a - 1;
echo "</ul>";
while($a <= 10){
echo "Hello LBSTI ";
$a = $a + 2; //increament of 2 or 3
?>
The PHP do...while Loop
The do...while loop will always execute the block of code at least once, it will then check
the condition, and repeat the loop while the specified condition is true.
Example
Print $i as long as $i is less than 6:
$i = 1;
do {
echo $i;
$i++;
} while ($i < 6);
<?php
$a = 1;
do{
echo $a .") Hello LBSTI ";
$a++; //Increment Loop
}while($a <= 10)
$a = 10;
do{
$a--; //Decrement Loop
}while($a <= 1)
?>
PHP for Loop
The for loop is used when you know how many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (expression1, expression2, expression3) {
// code block
This is how it works:
 expression1 is evaluated once

 expression2 is evaluated before each iterarion
 expression3 is evaluated after each iterarion
<?php
//Increment
for($a = 1; $a <= 10; $a= $a++ ){
//Decrement
for($a = 10; $a >= 1; $a= $a-- ){
?>
Nested Loop in PHP
The nested loop is the method of using the for loop inside the another for loop. It first
performs a single iteration for the parent for loop and executes all the iterations of the inner
loop. After that, it again checks the parent iteration and again performs all the iteration of
the inner loop. The same process continuously executed until the parent test condition is
TRUE.
<?php
for($a = 1; $a <= 100; $a = $a + 10){
for($b = $a; $b < $a + 10; $b++){
echo $b . " ";
echo " ";
?>
PHP Continue & Break

Continue in For Loops
The continue statement stops the current iteration in the for loop and continue with the
next.
Example
Move to next iteration if $x = 4:
for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
if ($x == 4) {
continue;
echo "The number is: $x ";
Continue in While Loop
The continue statement stops the current iteration in the while loop and continue with the
next.
Example
Move to next iteration if $x = 4:
$x = 0;
while($x < 10) {
if ($x == 4) {
continue;
$x++;
Break in For loop
The break statement can be used to jump out of a for loop.
Example
Jump out of the loop when $x is 4:

for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x++) {
if ($x == 4) {
break;
Break in While Loop
The break statement can be used to jump out of a while loop.
Example
$x = 0;
while($x < 10) {
if ($x == 4) {
break;
$x++;
<?php
for ($a = 1; $a < 10; $a++) {
if ($a == 3){
//echo "No. : " . $a . " ";
continue;
}
echo "Number : " . $a . " ";
for ($a = 1; $a < 10; $a++) {
if ($a == 3){
//echo "No. : " . $a . " ";
break;
?>
The goto statement
The goto statement is used to jump to another section of a program. It is sometimes referred to as an
unconditional jump statement. The goto statement can be used to jump from anywhere to anywhere
within a function.
Syntax:
statement_1;
if (expr)
goto label;
statement_2;
statement_3;
label: statement_4;
<?php
for($a = 1; $a <= 10; $a++){
if($a == 3){
goto a;
echo "Hello";
echo " World";
a:
echo "Here is label A.";
?>
PHP Functions
The real power of PHP comes from its functions.
PHP has more than 1000 built-in functions, and in addition you can create your own custom
functions.
PHP Built-in Functions
PHP has over 1000 built-in functions that can be called directly, from within a script, to
perform a specific task.
PHP User Defined Functions
Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions.
 A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program.

 A function will not execute automatically when a page loads.
 A function will be executed by a call to the function.
Create a Function
A user-defined function declaration starts with the keyword function, followed by the name
of the function:
Example
function myMessage() {
echo "Hello world!";
Call a Function
To call the function, just write its name followed by parentheses ():
Example
function myMessage() {
echo "Hello world!";
myMessage();
<?php
function hello(){
echo "Hello Everybody. ";
function yahoo(){
echo "Hello Yahoo baba. ";
hello();
hello();
yahoo();
echo "Hey this is an example.";

hello();
hello();
?>
PreviousNext
PHP Function Arguments
Information can be passed to functions through arguments. An argument is just like a

variable.
Arguments are specified after the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as
many arguments as you want, just separate them with a comma.
The following example has a function with one argument ($fname). When
the familyName() function is called, we also pass along a name, e.g. ("Jani"), and the
name is used inside the function, which outputs several different first names, but an equal
last name:
Example
function familyName($fname) {
echo "$fname Refsnes. ";
familyName("Jani");
familyName("Hege");
familyName("Stale");
familyName("Kai Jim");
familyName("Borge");
The following example has a function with two arguments ($fname, $year):
Example
function familyName($fname, $year) {
echo "$fname Refsnes. Born in $year ";
}
familyName("Hege", "1975");
familyName("Stale", "1978");
familyName("Kai Jim", "1983");
<?php
function hello($name){
echo "Hello $name. ";
hello("Yahoo Baba"); /* ----------- also show error */
/* TWO Argument : */
function hello($fname,$lname){
echo "Hello $fname $lname. ";
hello("Yahoo","Baba");
hello("Bill","Gates");
/* Default Value : */
function hello($fname="First",$lname="Name"){
echo "Hello $fname $lname. ";
/* SUM function */
function sum($a,$b){
echo $a + $b;
sum(10,20.50);
/* Passing with Variables */
$one = 10;
$two = 20.50;
sum($one,$two);
?>
PHP Functions - Returning values
To let a function return a value, use the return statement:
Example
function sum($x, $y) {
$z = $x + $y;
return $z;
}
echo "5 + 10 = " . sum(5, 10) . " ";
echo "7 + 13 = " . sum(7, 13) . " ";
echo "2 + 4 = " . sum(2, 4);
<?php
//1)
function hello($fname="First",$lname="Last"){
$v = "$fname $lname";
return $v;
echo hello("Yahoo","Baba");
//2)
$name = hello("Yahoo","Baba");
echo "Hello $name";
//3)
function sum($math,$eng,$sc){
$s = $math + $eng + $sc;
return $s;
}
$total = sum(55,65,88);
echo $total;
//4)
function percentage($st){
$per = $st/3;
echo $per . "%";
percentage($total);
?>
Passing Arguments by Reference
In PHP, arguments are usually passed by value, which means that a copy of the value is
used in the function and the variable that was passed into the function cannot be changed.
When a function argument is passed by reference, changes to the argument also change
the variable that was passed in. To turn a function argument into a reference, the & operator
is used:
Example
Use a pass-by-reference argument to update a variable:
function add_five(&$value) {
$value += 5;
$num = 2;
add_five($num);
echo $num;
<?php
/* function argument By Value */
function testing(&$string)
$string .= 'and something extra.';
$str = 'This is a string, ';
testing($str);
echo $str;
/* function argument By Reference*/
function first($num) {
$num += 5;
function second(&$num) {
$num += 6;
$number = 10;
first( $number );
echo "Original Value is $number ";
second( $number );
echo "Original Value is $number ";
?>
PHP Variable Functions

<?php
function wow($name) {
echo "Hello $name";
}
$func = "wow";
$func('Yahoo Baba');
/* --- Anonymous function ----*/

$sayHello = function($name) {
echo "Hello $name!";
};
$sayHello('Yahoo Baba');
?>
PHP Recursive Function
PHP also supports recursive function call like C/C++. In such case, we call current function
within function. It is also known as recursion.
It is recommended to avoid recursive function call over 200 recursion level because it may
smash the stack and may cause the termination of script.
Example
<?php
function display($number) {
if($number<=5){
echo "$number ";
display($number+1);
}
}
display(1);
?>
<?php
/*-----Recursive Function------ */
function display($number) {
if($number<=5){
echo "$number ";
display($number+1);
display(1);
/* --------Factorial Number--------- */
function factorial($n)
if ($n < 0){
return -1;
if ($n == 0){
return 1;
}else{
return ($n * factorial ($n -1));
echo factorial(5);
?>
PHP Variables Scope
In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.
The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be referenced/used.
PHP has three different variable scopes:
 local
 global
 static
Global and Local Scope
A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only be accessed
outside a function:
Example
Variable with global scope:
$x = 5; // global scope
function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo "Variable x inside function is: $x";
}
myTest();
echo "Variable x outside function is: $x";
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be accessed
within that function:
Example
Variable with local scope:
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "Variable x inside function is: $x";
myTest();
// using x outside the function will generate an error
echo "Variable x outside function is: $x";
<?php
$x = 10;
function test() {
global $x; /* ------Global Variable------- */
echo "Variable x inside function : $x ";
test();
echo "Variable x outside function : $x";

/* --------------------- */
/* $x = 5;
$y = 10;
function test() {
global $x, $y;
$x = $x + $y;
test();
echo $x; */
?>
What is an Array?
An array is a special variable that can hold many values under a single name, and you can
access the values by referring to an index number or name.
Create Array
You can create arrays by using the array() function:
Example
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
Multiple Lines
Line breaks are not important, so an array declaration can span multiple lines:
Example
$cars = [
"Volvo",
"BMW",
"Toyota"
];
Access Array Item
To access an array item, you can refer to the index number for indexed arrays, and the key
name for associative arrays.
Example:
Access an item by referring to its index number:
echo $cars[2];
<?php
/* -------Array---------- */
$colors = array('red', 'yellow', 'blue', 'green');
echo $colors[0]." ";
$colors = ['red', 'yellow', 'blue', 'green']; /* ----- IInd way */
/* ---- can also use different data types ----- */
//2.)
echo "<pre>";
print_r($colors);
echo "</pre>";
//3.)
$colors[0] = "red"; /* --------- IIIrd way */
$colors[1] = "green"
$colors[2] = "yellow";
$colors[3] = "blue";
//4.)
echo "<ul>"; /* --------- Loop Method */
for($i = 0 ; $i < 4 ; $i++){
echo "<li>$i</li>";
echo "</ul>";
?>
PHP Associative Arrays
Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.
Example
$car = array("brand"=>"Ford", "model"=>"Mustang", "year"=>1964);
var_dump($car);
Access Associative Arrays
To access an array item you can refer to the key name.
Example
Display the model of the car:

echo $car["model"];
Change Value
To change the value of an array item, use the key name:
Example
Change the year item:
$car["year"] = 2024;
var_dump($car);
<?php
$age = array(
"bill" => 25,
"steve" => 28,
"elon" => 22
);
echo $age["bill"] . " ";
echo $age["steve"] . " ";
echo $age["elon"] . " ";
echo '<pre>';
print_r($age);
echo '</pre>';
echo '<pre>';
var_dump($age);
echo '</pre>';
//another way to define array
$age1 = [
"bill" => "25",
"steve" => 28,
"elon" => 22
];
echo '<pre>';
print_r($age1);
echo '</pre>';
echo '<pre>';
var_dump($age1);
echo '</pre>';
$age["elon"] = 50; /* --------- reasign value------- */
echo '<pre>';
print_r($age1);
echo '</pre>';
echo '<pre>';
var_dump($age1);
echo '</pre>';
//array with Numeric key
$age2 = array(
100 => "25",
10 => 28,
13 => 22
);
echo '<pre>';
print_r($age2);
echo '</pre>';
//array with numeric and string key
$age3 = array(
100 => "25",
"bill" => 28,
13 => 22
);
echo '<pre>';
var_dump($age3);
echo '</pre>';
?>
Loop Through an Associative Array
To loop through and print all the values of an associative array, you can use
a foreach loop, like this:
Example
Display all array items, keys and values:
foreach ($car as $x => $y) {
echo "$x: $y ";
Loop Through an Indexed Array
To loop through and print all the values of an indexed array, you can use a foreach loop,
like this:
Example
Display all array items:
foreach ($cars as $x) {
echo "$x ";
<?php
$colors = [
"red",
"green",
"blue"
];
foreach($colors as $value){
echo $value . " ";
/* Associative Array For Foreach */
$age = [
"bill" => 25,
"steve" => 28,
"elon" => 22,
];
foreach($age as $key => $value){
echo "$key = $value ";
/* ------work with ul tag------- */
echo "<ul>";
foreach($age as $key => $value){

echo "<li>$key = $value </li>";
echo "</ul>";
?>
PHP Multidimensional Arrays
A multidimensional array is an array containing one or more arrays.
PHP supports multidimensional arrays that are two, three, four, five, or more levels deep.
However, arrays more than three levels deep are hard to manage for most people.
The dimension of an array indicates the number of indices you need to select an
element.
 For a two-dimensional array you need two indices to select an element

 For a three-dimensional array you need three indices to select an element
PHP - Two-dimensional Arrays
A two-dimensional array is an array of arrays (a three-dimensional array is an array of

arrays of arrays.
<?php
$emp = [
[1,"Krishana","Manager",50000],
[2,"Salman","Salesman",20000],
[3,"Mohan","Computer Operator",12000],
[4,"Amir","Driver",5000]
];
echo "<pre>";
print_r($emp);
echo "</pre>";
/* TWO dimensional Array row and column */
echo $emp[0][0] . " ";
echo $emp[0][1] . " ";
echo $emp[0][2] . " ";
echo $emp[0][3] . " ";
/* Multidimensional Array For Loop */
for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++) {
for ($col = 0; $col < 4; $col++) {
echo $emp[$row][$col] . " ";
echo " ";
/* Multidimensional Array Foreach Loop */
foreach ($emp as $v1) {
foreach ($v1 as $v2){
echo $v2 . " ";
echo " ";
}
/* Print with Table tag */
echo "<table border='2px' cellpadding='5px' cellspacing='0'>";
echo "<tr>
<th>Emp Id</th>
<th>Emp Name</th>
<th>Designation</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>";
foreach ($emp as $v1){
echo "<tr>";
foreach ($v1 as $v2){
echo "<td> $v2 </td>";
echo "</tr>";
echo "</table>";
?>
PHP Multidimensional Associative Array
Multidimensional array is used to store an array in contrast to constant values. Associative

array stores the data in the form of key and value pairs where the key can be an integer or
string. Multidimensional associative array is often used to store data in group relation.
<?php
$marks = [
"Krishna" => [
"physics" => 85,
"maths" => 78,
"chemistry" => 89
],
"Salman" => [
"physics" => 68,
"maths" => 73,
"chemistry" => 79
],
"Mohan" => [
"physics" => 62,
"maths" => 67,
"chemistry" => 92
];
echo "<pre>";
print_r($marks);
echo "</pre>";
/* -------------Foreach Loop Array----------------- */
foreach($marks as $key => $v1){
echo $key;
foreach($v1 as $v2){
echo $v2 . " ";

}
echo "";
/* ------------Print with Table tag-------------------- */
echo "<table border='2px' cellpadding='5px' cellspacing='0'>
<tr>
<th>Student Name</th>
<th>Physics</th>
<th>Math</th>
<th>Chemistry</th>
</tr>";
foreach($marks as $key => $v1){
echo "<tr>
<td>$key</td>";
foreach($v1 as $v2){
echo "<td> $v2 </td>";
echo "</tr>";
echo "</table>";
?>
PHP Foreach Loop with List

<?php
/* ----------- Index Array----------- */
$emp = [
[1,"Krishana","Manager",50000],
[2,"Salman","Salesman",20000],
[3,"Mohan","Computer Operator",12000],
[4,"Amir","Driver",5000]
];
foreach ($emp as list($id, $name,$desg,$salary)) {
echo "$id $name $desg $salary ";
}
/* print with table tag */

echo "<table border='1px' cellpadding='5px' cellspacing='0'>
<tr>
<th>Emp Id</th>
<th>Emp Name</th>
<th>Designation</th>
<th>Salary</th>
</tr>";
foreach ($emp as list($id, $name,$desg,$salary)) {
echo
"<tr><td>$id</td><td>$name</td><td>$desg</td><td>$salary</td></tr>"
;
}
echo "</table>";
/* -----------Multidimensional Associative Array----------- */

$emp = [
["id" => 1,"name" => "Krishana","designation" =>
"Manager","salary" => 50000],
["id" => 2,"name" => "Salman","designation" =>
"Salesman","salary" => 20000],
["id" => 3,"name" => "Mohan","designation" => "Computer
Operator","salary" => 12000],
["id" => 4,"name" => "Amir","designation" =>
"Driver","salary" => 5000]
];
foreach ($emp as list("id" => $id, "name" => $name,"designation" =>

$desg,"salary" => $salary)) {
echo "Id: $id; Name: $name; Designation: $desg; Salary:
$salary";
}
?>
PHP Array Count & Sizeof

PHP count() Function
Return the number of elements in an array:
<?php
$cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
echo count($cars);
?>
Syntax
count(array, mode)
Parameter Values
Parameter Description
array Required. Specifies the array
mode Optional. Specifies the mode. Possible values:
 0 - Default. Does not count all elements of multidimensional arrays

 1 - Counts the array recursively (counts all the elements of multidimensional arrays)
PHP sizeof() Function
Return the number of elements in an array:
<?php
$cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
echo sizeof($cars);
?>
Syntax
sizeof(array, mode)
Parameter Values
array Required. Specifies the array
mode Optional. Specifies the mode. Possible values:
 0 - Default. Does not count all elements of multidimensional arrays
 1 - Counts the array recursively (counts all the elements of multidimensional arrays)
<?php
$food = array('orange', 'banana', 'apple');
echo count($food,1).' '; /* ----- IInd parameter is MODE (0 or

1) */
$food1 = array(
'fruits' => array('orange', 'banana', 'apple'),
'veggie' => array('carrot', 'collard', 'pea')
);
/* (Mode counts all the elements of multidimensional arrays) */
echo sizeof($food1,1).' ';
echo sizeof($food1['fruits'],1).' ';
$len = count($food);
for($i = 0; $i < $len; $i++){
echo $food[$i] . " ";
}
$food2 = array('orange', 'banana', 'orange' , 'apple');
// count array values
echo "<pre>";
print_r(array_count_values($food2));
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array In_array & Array_search

Array In_array
The in_array() function searches an array for a specific value.
Syntax
in_array(search, array, type)
Parameter Values
search Required. Specifies the what to search for
array Required. Specifies the array to search
type Optional. If this parameter is set to TRUE, the in_array() function searches for the search-
string and specific type in the array.
Return Value: Returns TRUE if the value is found in the array, or FALSE otherwise
array_search()
The array_search() function search an array for a value and returns the key.
Syntax
array_search(value, array, strict)
Parameter Values
value Required. Specifies the value to search for
array Required. Specifies the array to search in
strict Optional. If this parameter is set to TRUE, then this function will search for identical elements
in the array. Possible values:
 true
 false - Default
When set to true, the number 5 is not the same as the string 5 (See example 2)
Return Returns the key of a value if it is found in the array, and FALSE otherwise. If the value is
Value: found in the array more than once, the first matching key is returned.
<?php
$food = array('orange', 'banana', 'apple', 'grapes');
echo in_array("lime", $food);
/* ---- If Condition InArray------ */
if (in_array("apple", $food)) {
echo "Find Successfully.";
}else{
echo "Can't Find.";
echo in_array(55, $food,true); /* ---- strict mode------ */
/* --------Multipledimensional Associative Array------------- */
$a = array(array('p', 'h'), array('p', 'r'), 'o');
if (in_array(array('p', 'h'), $a)){}

/* ----------Array Search------------- */
echo array_search("apple", $food);
/* -----------Associative Array-------------- */
$food = array('a' => 'orange', 'b' => 'banana', 'c' => 'apple', 'd'
=> 'grapes');
echo array_search("apple", $food);
echo in_array("apple", $food);
?>
PHP Array_replace & Array_replace_recursive

PHP Array_replace
The array_replace() function replaces the values of the first array with the values from
following arrays.
Syntax
array_replace(array1, array2, array3, ...)
Parameter Values
array1 Required. Specifies an array
array2 Optional. Specifies an array which will replace the values of array1
array3,... Optional. Specifies more arrays to replace the values of array1 and array2, etc. Values from
later arrays will overwrite the previous ones.
Return Value: Returns the replaced array, or NULL if an error occurs
PHP array_replace_recursive() Function
The array_replace_recursive() function replaces the values of the first array with the values
from following arrays recursively.
Syntax
array_replace_recursive(array1, array2, array3, ...)
Parameter Values
array2 Optional. Specifies an array which will replace the values of array1
array3,... Optional. Specifies more arrays to replace the values of array1 and array2, etc. Values from
later arrays will overwrite the previous ones.
Return Value: Returns the replaced array, or NULL if an error occurs
<?php
$fruit = ['orange', 'banana', 'apple', 'grapes'];
$veggie = ['carrot', 'pea'];
$newArray = array_replace($fruit, $veggie);

echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/*----- Index Array -------- */
$color = ['red', 'green', 'blue'];
$newArray = array_replace($fruit, $veggie, $color);
/* ----------------Associative Array------------------- */
$veggie = ['a' => 'carrot', 'b' => 'pea'];
$veggie = ['a' => 'carrot', 1 => 'pea'];
/* --------------Array Replace Function----------------- */
$fruit = ['orange', 'b' => 'banana', 'apple', 'grapes'];
/* ---- array_replace_recursive----------- */
$array1 = array("a"=>array("red"),"b"=>array("green","pink"));
$array2 = array("a"=>array("yellow"),"b"=>array("black"));
$newArray = array_replace_recursive($array1, $array2);
?>
PHP array_pop() Function
The array_pop() function deletes the last element of an array.
Syntax
array_pop(array)
Parameter Values
array Required. Specifies an array
Return Value: Returns the last value of array. If array is empty, or is not an array, NULL will be returned.
PHP array_push() Function
The array_push() function inserts one or more elements to the end of an array.
Syntax
array_push(array, value1, value2, ...)
Parameter Values
value1 Optional. Specifies the value to add (Required in PHP versions before 7.3)
value2 Optional. Specifies the value to add
Return Value: Returns the new number of elements in the array

<?php
/* --------- Delete from End------- */
$fruit = ["orange", "banana", "apple", "grapes"];
array_pop($fruit);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($fruit);
echo "</pre>";
/* --------- Add on Ending on the Array---------- */
$fruit = ["orange", "banana", "grapes"];
array_push($fruit,"apple","guava","lemon");
echo "<pre>";
print_r($fruit);
echo "</pre>";
?>
Array_shift()
The array_shift() function removes the first element from an array, and returns the value of
the removed element.
Syntax
array_shift(array)
Parameter Values
Return Value: Returns the value of the removed element from an array, or NULL if the array is empty
Array_unshift()
The array_unshift() function inserts new elements to an array. The new array values will be
inserted in the beginning of the array.
Syntax
array_unshift(array, value1, value2, value3, ...)
Parameter Values
array Required. Specifying an array
value1 Optional. Specifies a value to insert (Required in PHP versions before 7.3)
value2 Optional. Specifies a value to insert
value3 Optional. Specifies a value to insert
Return Value: Returns the new number of elements in the array
<?php
/*------- Add on starting on the Array------ */
array_shift($fruit);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($fruit);
echo "</pre>";
/*------ Delete from Start------ */

array_unshift($fruit,"Apple", "guava", "lemon");
echo "<pre>";
print_r($fruit);
echo "</pre>";
?>
array_merge() Function
The array_merge() function merges one or more arrays into one array.
Syntax
array_merge(array1, array2, array3, ...)
Parameter Values
array2 Optional. Specifies an array
array3,... Optional. Specifies an array
Return Value: Returns the merged array
array_combine()
The array_combine() function creates an array by using the elements from one "keys" array
and one "values" array.
Syntax
array_combine(keys, values)
Parameter Values
keys Required. Array of keys
values Required. Array of values
Return Value: Returns the combined array. FALSE if number of elements does not match
<?php
/* Multiple Array Merge */
$veggie = ['carrot', 'pea'];
$newArray = array_merge($fruit,$veggie);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/* -------------Multiple Array Merge -------------------- */
$color = ['red', 'blue'];
array_merge($fruit,$veggie,$color);
/* ------------ASSOCIATIVE Index Array------------------ */
$fruit = ['a' => "orange", 'b' => "banana", 'c' => "grapes"];
$veggie = ['d' => 'carrot','e' => 'pea']; /* ---- Also with SAME
KEY */
/* -------------Numberic Value Enter----------------- */
$veggie = ['b' => 'carrot','e' => 'pea', 55, 68];
/* ---------if u want the duplicate key entry of first

array---------- */
$newArray = $fruit + $veggie;
/* ----------array_merge_recursive-------------- */
$newArray = array_merge_recursive($fruit,$veggie); /* --- for

common key built new array --- */
$veggie = ['b' => ['color' => ['red','blue','green']], /* ----

more complex multidim array ----*/
'e' => 'pea',
55,
68
];
$newArray = array_merge_recursive($fruit,$veggie);
/* --------array_combine-------- */
$name = array("Ram","Mohan","Salman");
$age = array("35","37","43");
$newArray = array_combine($name, $age);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array_Slice
The array_slice() function returns selected parts of an array.
Syntax
array_slice(array, start, length, preserve)
Parameter Values
start Required. Numeric value. Specifies where the function will start the slice. 0 = the first
element. If this value is set to a negative number, the function will start slicing that far from
the last element. -2 means start at the second last element of the array.
length Optional. Numeric value. Specifies the length of the returned array. If this value is set to a
negative number, the function will stop slicing that far from the last element. If this value is
not set, the function will return all elements, starting from the position set by the start-
parameter.
preserve Optional. Specifies if the function should preserve or reset the keys. Possible values:
 true - Preserve keys

 false - Default. Reset keys
Return Value: Returns selected parts of an array

<?php
/*------ Array Slice ------*/
$color=array("red","green","blue","yellow","brown");
$newArray = array_slice($color, 1, 2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/* -------------with Negative Index---------- */
print_r(array_slice($color,-2,1));
echo ' ';
echo ' ';
/* ---------Preserve Parameter----------- */
print_r(array_slice($color,1,2,true));
echo ' ';
/* ---------------Preserve Parameter With Associative Array

--------------------- */
$color = array('a'=>'red', 'b'=>'green', '42'=>'blue',

'd'=>'yellow');
array_slice($color, 0, 3);
echo ' ';
array_slice($color, 0, 3, true);
echo ' ';
/* -------------Preserve Parameter - III-------------- */
$a=array("0"=>"red","1"=>"green","2"=>"blue","3"=>"yellow","4"=>"br
own");
print_r(array_slice($a,1,2));
?>
PHP Array_Splice()
The array_splice() function removes selected elements from an array and replaces it with
new elements. The function also returns an array with the removed elements.
Syntax
array_splice(array, start, length, array)
Parameter Values
start Required. Numeric value. Specifies where the function will start removing elements. 0 = the
first element. If this value is set to a negative number, the function will start that far from the
last element. -2 means start at the second last element of the array.
length Optional. Numeric value. Specifies how many elements will be removed, and also length of
the returned array. If this value is set to a negative number, the function will stop that far from
the last element. If this value is not set, the function will remove all elements, starting from
the position set by the start-parameter.
array Optional. Specifies an array with the elements that will be inserted to the original array. If it's
only one element, it can be a string, and does not have to be an array.
Return Value: Returns the array consisting of the extracted elements
<?php
/*------ Array Splice ------*/
$color =["red","green","blue","yellow","brown"];
$fruit = ["Orange", "Apple"];
array_splice($color, 2 ); /* ----- First Method-------*/
array_splice($color, 1, -1); /* ---- Second Method----*/
array_splice($color, 1, -2); /* ---- Third Method ------- */
/* -------Remove the last element of $color-------- */
array_splice($color, -1);
/* -------Remove the first element of $color------- */
array_splice($color, 0, 1);
/* -----------Remove First Two elements and add new elements in

$color ------------- */
array_splice($color, 0 , 2, $fruit);
/* -----------Replace Third and fourth element in $color

------------- */
array_splice($color, 2 , 2, $fruit);
/* -----------use count method in $color ------------- */
array_splice($color, 2, count($color), $fruit);
/* -----------add new elements in $color with count method

------------- */
array_splice($color, 2, 0, $fruit);
/* -----------add new elements in begining of $color with count

method ------------- */
array_splice($color, 0, 0, $fruit);
/* -----------add new elements in the end of $color with count

method ------------- */
array_splice($color,count($color),0, $fruit);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($color);
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array Key
The array_keys() function returns an array containing the keys.
Syntax
array_keys(array, value, strict)
Parameter Values
value Optional. You can specify a value, then only the keys with this value are returned
strict Optional. Used with the value parameter. Possible values:
 true - Returns the keys with the specified value, depending on type: the number 5 is
not the same as the string "5".
 false - Default value. Not depending on type, the number 5 is the same as the string
"5".
Return Value: Returns the merged array
<?php
/*-------- array_keys--------*/
$color =["red","green","blue","yellow"];
$newArray = array_keys($color);
echo '<pre>';
print_r($newArray);
echo '</pre>';
/* --------With Associative Array --------- */
$color1 =[
"first" =>"red",
"second" =>"green",
"third" =>"blue",
"fourth" =>"yellow"
];
$newArray1 = array_keys($color1);
echo '<pre>';
print_r($newArray1);
echo '</pre>';
/* ---------Comes in 7.3---------- */
$newArray1 = array_key_first($color1);
echo '<pre>';
echo '</pre>';
/* ---------Comes in 7.3----------- */
$newArray1 = array_key_last($color1);
echo '<pre>';
echo '</pre>';
/* ------array_key_exists--------- */
$newArray1 = array_key_exists("third", $color1);
echo '<pre>';
echo '</pre>';
$newArray1 = array_key_exists("six", $color);
echo '<pre>';
echo '</pre>';
/* -------array_key_exists short name key)exists-------- */
$newArray1 = key_exists("second", $color1);
echo '<pre>';
echo '</pre>';
/* ---------check result with if condition----------- */
if ($newArray1)
echo "Key exists!";
else
{
echo "Key does not exist!";
?>
PHP Array Intersect
The array_intersect() function compares the values of two (or more) arrays, and returns the
matches.
This function compares the values of two or more arrays, and return an array that contains
the entries from array1 that are present in array2, array3, etc.
Syntax
array_intersect(array1, array2, array3, ...)
Parameter Values
array1 Required. The array to compare from
array2 Required. An array to compare against
array3,... Optional. More arrays to compare against
Return Returns an array containing the entries from array1 that are present in all of the other
Value: arrays
<?php
/* -----------array_intersect-------------- */
$a1=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"blue","d"=>"yellow");
$a2=array("a"=>"red","f"=>"green","d"=>"purple");
$newArray = array_intersect($a1,$a2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
//show change case
/* ----------Multiple Array intersect------------- */
$a3=array("a"=>"red","b"=>"black","h"=>"yellow");
$newArray11 = array_intersect($a1,$a2,$a3);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* ----------- Match only Key-------------*/
$newArray1 = array_intersect_key($a1,$a2);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* ---------Match Key and Value both---------- */
$newArray2 = array_intersect_assoc($a1,$a2);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* ---------Match Key and Value both with callback

function----------- */
function compare($a,$b){
if ($a===$b){
return 0;
return ($a > $b)?1:-1;
function compareValue($a,$b){
if ($a===$b){
return 0;
return ($a > $b)?1:-1;
}
$newArray3 = array_intersect_uassoc($a1,$a2, "compare");
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
$newArray4 = array_uintersect_assoc($a1,$a2, "compare"); //this

function can write also like this -- Important
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* ----------Match only key with function------------ */
$newArray5 = array_intersect_ukey($a1,$a2, "compare");
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* --------Match only value with function----------- */
$newArray6 = array_uintersect($a1,$a2, "compare");
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* --------Match both value and key with two different

functions----------- */
$newArray7=array_uintersect_uassoc($a1,$a2,"compare","compareValue"
);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array Diff & Udiff

PHP Array Diff
The array_diff() function compares the values of two (or more) arrays, and returns the
differences.
This function compares the values of two (or more) arrays, and return an array that contains
the entries from array1 that are not present in array2 or array3, etc.
Syntax
array_diff(array1, array2, array3, ...)
Parameter Values

Return Returns an array containing the entries from array1 that are not present in any of the
Value: other arrays
array_udiff()
The array_udiff() function compares the values of two or more arrays, and returns the
differences.
This function compares the values of two (or more) arrays, and return an array that contains
the entries from array1 that are not present in array2 or array3, etc.
Syntax
array_udiff(array1, array2, array3, ..., myfunction)
Parameter Values
myfunctio Required. A string that define a callable comparison function. The comparison function must
n return an integer <, =, or > than 0 if the first argument is <, =, or > than the second argument
Return Returns an array containing the entries from array1 that are not present in any of the
Value: other arrays
<?php
/*--------- array_diff - compare only values and return differences

only form $a1 ---------*/
$a1 = array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"blue","d"=>"yellow");
$a2 = array("a"=>"red","f"=>"green","d"=>"purple");
$newArray = array_diff($a1,$a2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
//show change case
/* ---------Comapre Three Arrays --------- */
$a3 = array("a"=>"red","b"=>"black","h"=>"yellow");
$newArray1 = array_diff($a1,$a2,$a3);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/*--------- Compare only Key ---------*/
$newArray2 = array_diff_key($a1,$a2);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Compare Key and Value both ---- Only compare associative
array------- */
$newArray3 = array_diff_assoc($a1,$a2);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
function compare($a,$b)
if ($a===$b){
return 0;
return ($a > $b)?1:-1;
function compareValue($a,$b)
if ($a===$b){
return 0;
return ($a > $b)?1:-1;
/* -------Match Key and Value both with callback function------- */

$newArray4 = array_diff_uassoc($a1,$a2, "compare"); //--- can also
use string fun - "strcasecmp"
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
//this function can write also like thid( array_udiff_assoc ) --

Important
/* --------Compare only key with function-------- */
$newArray5 = array_diff_ukey($a1,$a2, "compare");
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* ------Compare only value with function------ */
$newArray6 = array_udiff($a1,$a2, "compare");
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* --------Compare both value and key with two different

functions---------- */
$newArray7 = array_udiff_uassoc($a1,$a2,"compare","compareValue");
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array_Values & Array_Unique

array_values()
The array_values() function returns an array containing all the values of an array.
Syntax
array_values(array)
Parameter Values
Return Value: Returns an array containing all the values of an array
array_unique()
The array_unique() function removes duplicate values from an array. If two or more array
values are the same, the first appearance will be kept and the other will be removed.
Syntax
array_unique(array, sorttype)
Parameter Values
sorttype Optional. Specifies how to compare the array elements/items. Possible values:
 SORT_STRING - Default. Compare items as strings

 SORT_REGULAR - Compare items normally (don't change types)
 SORT_NUMERIC - Compare items numerically
 SORT_LOCALE_STRING - Compare items as strings, based on current locale
Return Value: Returns the filtered array
<?php
/* ------------Array Values------------ */
$a1 = array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"red","d"=>"yellow");
$newArray = array_values($a1);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/* ---------Array Unique---------*/
$newArray1 = array_unique($a1);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
?>
array_column() Function
The array_column() function returns the values from a single column in the input array.
Syntax
array_column(array, column_key, index_key)
Parameter Values
array Required. Specifies the multi-dimensional array (record-set) to use. As of PHP 7.0, this can
also be an array of objects.
column_key Required. An integer key or a string key name of the column of values to return. This
parameter can also be NULL to return complete arrays (useful together with index_key to
re-index the array)
index_key Optional. The column to use as the index/keys for the returned array
Return Value: Returns an array of values that represents a single column from the input array
Array_Chunk()
The array_chunk() function splits an array into chunks of new arrays.
Syntax
array_chunk(array, size, preserve_key)
Parameter Values
array Required. Specifies the array to use
size Required. An integer that specifies the size of each chunk
preserve_key Optional. Possible values:
 true - Preserves the keys

 false - Default. Reindexes the chunk numerically
Return Returns a multidimensional indexed array, starting with zero, with each dimension
Value: containing size elements
<?php
/*------------Array_Column------------ */
$array = array(
array(
'id' => 2201,
'first_name' => 'Anil',
'last_name' => 'Kapoor',
),
array(
'id' => 2202,
'first_name' => 'Salman',
'last_name' => 'Khan',
),
array(
'id' => 2203,
'first_name' => 'John',
'last_name' => 'Abraham',
);
$newArray = array_column($array,'first_name');
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/* ------With 3rd Parameter as a key------ */
$newArray1 = array_column($array,'first_name','id');
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Array chunk------- */
$cars = ["Volvo","BMW","Toyota","Honda","Mercedes","Opel"];
$newArray2 = array_chunk($cars,3);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
$age = array(
"Mohan" => "35",
"Aman" => "37",
"Ram" => "43",
"Salman" => "25" );

$newArray3 = array_chunk($age,3,true);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array_Flip & Array_Change_Key_Case

PHP array_flip() Function
The array_flip() function flips/exchanges all keys with their associated values in an array.
Syntax
array_flip(array)
Parameter Values
array Required. Specifies an array of key/value pairs to be flipped
Return Value: Returns the flipped array on success. NULL on failure
array_chunk() Function
The array_chunk() function splits an array into chunks of new arrays.
Syntax
array_chunk(array, size, preserve_key)
Parameter Values
size Required. An integer that specifies the size of each chunk
preserve_key Optional. Possible values:
 true - Preserves the keys
 false - Default. Reindexes the chunk numerically
Return Returns a multidimensional indexed array, starting with zero, with each dimension
Value: containing size elements
<?php
/*--------Array Flip---------*/
$a = array(
"Bill" =>10,
"Joe" => 20,
"Peter" => 30
);
$newArray = array_flip($a);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/* -----array_change_key_case----- */
$newArray2 = array_change_key_case($a);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
//default is lower case
/* --------CASE_UPPER or CASE_LOWER-------- */
$newArray3 = array_change_key_case($a, CASE_UPPER);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP array_sum() Function
The array_sum() function returns the sum of all the values in the array.
Syntax
array_sum(array)
Parameter Values
Return Value: Returns the sum of all the values in an array
PHP array_product() Function
The array_product() function calculates and returns the product of an array.
Syntax
array_product(array)
Parameter Values
Return Value: Returns the product as an integer or float

<?php
$a1 = array(2, 4, 6, 8);
$a2 = array("a" => 1.2, "b" => 2.3, "c" => 3.4);
/*------------Array Sum------------ */
echo "Sum of a1 = " . array_sum($a1). ' ';
echo "Sum of a2 = " . array_sum($a2). ' ';
/*------------Array Product------------ */
echo "Product of a1 = " . array_product($a1). ' ';
echo "Product of a2 = " . array_product($a2). ' ';
?>
PHP Array_Rand & Shuffle

PHP array_rand() Function
The array_rand() function returns a random key from an array, or it returns an array of
random keys if you specify that the function should return more than one key.
Syntax
array_rand(array, number)
Parameter Values
number Optional. Specifies how many random keys to return
Return Returns a random key from an array, or an array of random keys if you specify that the
Value: function should return more than one key
<?php
/*------------Array Rand------------ */
$color = array("red","green","blue","yellow","brown");
$newArray = array_rand($color);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
echo $color[$newArray]." ";
/*------------ IInd Parameter -- as a Number------------ */
$newArray1 = array_rand($color, 2);
echo $color[$newArray1[0]]." ";
echo $color[$newArray1[1]]." ";
/*------------Use with Associative Array------------ */
$color1 = array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"blue","d"=>"yellow");
$newArray2 = array_rand($color1, 2);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/*------------Shuffle Array------------ */
$color2 = array("red","green","blue","yellow","brown");
shuffle($color2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($color2);
echo "</pre>";
/*------------Shuffle Use With Associative Array------------ */

$color3 = array("a"=>"red","b"=>"green","c"=>"blue","d"=>"yellow");
shuffle($color3);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($color3);
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array_Fill & Array_Fill_Keys

PHP array_fill() Function
The array_fill() function fills an array with values.
Syntax
array_fill(index, number, value)
Parameter Values
index Required. The first index of the returned array
number Required. Specifies the number of elements to insert
value Required. Specifies the value to use for filling the array
Return Value: Returns the filled array
PHP array_fill_keys() Function
The array_fill_keys() function fills an array with values, specifying keys.
Syntax
array_fill_keys(keys, value)
Parameter Values
keys Required. Array of values that will be used as keys
value Required. Specifies the value to use for filling the array
Return Value: Returns the filled array
<?php
/* -----------Array Fill Keys----------- */
$a = array("a","b","c","d","e");
$newArray = array_fill_keys($a, "Testing");
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/* -----------Array Fill----------- */
$newArray1 = array_fill(-2, 4, "Testing");
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array_Walk()
The array_walk() function runs each array element in a user-defined function. The array's
keys and values are parameters in the function.
Syntax
array_walk(array, myfunction, parameter...)
Parameter Values
myfunction Required. The name of the user-defined function
parameter,.. Optional. Specifies a parameter to the user-defined function. You can assign one
. parameter to the function, or as many as you like
Return Value: Returns TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
PHP array_walk_recursive() Function
The array_walk_recursive() function runs each array element in a user-defined function.

The array's keys and values are parameters in the function. The difference between this
function and the array_walk() function is that with this function you can work with deeper
arrays (an array inside an array).
Syntax
array_walk_recursive(array, myfunction, parameter...)
Parameter Values
myfunction Required. The name of the user-defined function
parameter,.. Optional. Specifies a parameter to the user-defined function. You can assign one
. parameter to the function, or as many as you like.
Return Value: Returns TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
<?php
/* -------Array Walk-------*/
$fruits = array(
"a" => "Lemon",
"b" => "Orange",
"c" => "Banana",
"d" => "Apple"
);
array_walk($fruits, "myFunction");
function myFunction($value, $key){
echo "$key : $value ";
/* -------Third parameter as a value -------*/
array_walk($fruits, "myFunction1", "is a key of");
function myFunction1($value, $key , $param){
echo "$key $param $value. ";
echo ' ';
/* -------array_walk_recursive-------*/
$veggie = array( "1" => "Carrot", "2" => "Tomatoes");

$fruits1 = array(
$veggie,
"a" => "Lemon",
"b" => "Orange",
"c" => "Banana",
"d" => "Apple"
);
array_walk_recursive($fruits1, "myFunction1", "is a key of");
?>
PHP Array_Map()
The array_map() function sends each value of an array to a user-made function, and
returns an array with new values, given by the user-made function.
Syntax
array_map(myfunction, array1, array2, array3, ...)
Parameter Values
myfunction Required. The name of the user-made function, or null
Return Returns an array containing the values of array1, after applying the user-made function to
Value: each one
<?php
/* -------Array Map-------*/
function square($n){
return $n * $n;
$a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
$newArray = array_map('square', $a);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Array Map with two arrays -------*/
function square1($n ,$m){
return "$n for $m";
$b = ['lemon', 'orange', 'banana', 'apple', 'guava'];
$newArray1 = array_map('square1', $a, $b);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Return Mutlidimensional array-------*/
function square2($n ,$m){
return [$n => $m];
$newArray2 = array_map('square2', $a, $b);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Passing no function-------*/
$newArray3 = array_map(null, $a, $b);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Using Associative Array-------*/

function square3($n){
return strtoupper($n);
$a1 = array("one" => "Apple", "two" => "Banana", "three" =>

"Orange");
$newArray4 = array_map("square3", $a1);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array_Reduce()
The array_reduce() function sends the values in an array to a user-defined function, and
returns a string.
Syntax
array_reduce(array, myfunction, initial)
Parameter Values
myfunction Required. Specifies the name of the function
initial Optional. Specifies the initial value to send to the function

Return Value: Returns the resulting value
<?php
/* -------Array Reduce-------*/
function myFunction($n,$m){
return $n . "-" . $m;
$a = ['orange', 'banana', 'apple'];
$newArray = array_reduce($a, 'myFunction');
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Passing third parameter as a Initial Value -------*/
$newArray1 = array_reduce($a, 'myFunction', "lemon");
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
//OR
$newArray2 = array_reduce($a, 'myFunction', 20);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Use Numeric Index array-------*/
$a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
$newArray3 = array_reduce($a1, 'myFunction', 20);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
//SUM
function myFunction1($n,$m){
return $n + $m;
$newArray4 = array_reduce($a1, 'myFunction1');

echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
//Multiplication
return $n * $m;
$newArray5 = array_reduce($a1, 'myFunction2');
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/* -------Pass third Initial Parameter-------*/
$newArray6 = array_reduce($a1, 'myFunction2',10);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
//Additon
/* -------Can also right -------*/
//$n =$n + $m;
$n += $m;
return $n;
$newArray7 = array_reduce($a1, 'myFunction3',10);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array Sorting

asort()
The asort() function sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the value.
Syntax
asort(array, sorttype)
Parameter Values
array Required. Specifies the array to sort
sorttype Optional. Specifies how to compare the array elements/items. Possible values:
 0 = SORT_REGULAR - Default. Compare items normally (don't change types)

 1 = SORT_NUMERIC - Compare items numerically
 2 = SORT_STRING - Compare items as strings
 3 = SORT_LOCALE_STRING - Compare items as strings, based on current locale
 4 = SORT_NATURAL - Compare items as strings using natural ordering
 5 = SORT_FLAG_CASE -
Return Value: TRUE on success. FALSE on failure

<?php
/*-------Array Sorting Function------- */
$food = array('orange', 'banana', 'grapes', 'apple');
sort($food); //Sorting
echo "<pre>";
print_r($food);
echo "</pre>";
rsort($food); //Reverse
echo "<pre>";
print_r($food);
echo "</pre>";
/*-------Numerical Index array------- */
$food1 = [22,15,3,64];
rsort($food1); //Reverse
echo "<pre>";
print_r($food1);
echo "</pre>";
/*-------Use Associative Array ------- */
$food2 = array("d" => "lemon",
"a" => "orange",
"b" => "banana",
"c" => "apple"
);
sort($food2); /// ------ sorting
echo "<pre>";
print_r($food2);
echo "</pre>";
/*-------- associative sort -----------*/
$food3 = array("d" => "lemon",
"a" => "orange",
"b" => "banana",

"c" => "apple"
);
asort($food3); //---- maintain also index
echo "<pre>";
print_r($food3);
echo "</pre>";
/*-------- associative reverse sort -----------*/
arsort($food3);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($food3);
echo "</pre>";
/*-------Key Sort------- */
ksort($food3);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($food3);
echo "</pre>";
krsort($food3); // Key Reverse Sort
echo "<pre>";
print_r($food3);
echo "</pre>";
/*--------- natsort --- Natural Order Sort --- algorithm ------- */
$array1 = array("img12.png", "img10.png", "img2.png", "img1.png");
natsort($array1);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($array1);
echo "</pre>";
/*--------- natcasesort() - case incentive "natural order"

algorithm ------- */
$array2 = array("Img12.png", "Img10.png", "img2.png", "img1.png");
natcasesort($array2);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($array2);
echo "</pre>";
/*-------array_multisort --- not create new array------- */
$foods = array("orange","banana");
$veggie = array("lemon","carrot");
array_multisort($foods,$veggie);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($foods);
echo "</pre>";
echo "<pre>";
print_r($veggie);
echo "</pre>";
/*-------array_reverse------- */
$foods1 = array("orange","banana","apple","grapes");
$newArray = array_reverse($foods1);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
?>
PHP Array Traversing

<?php
/*-------Array Traversing Function------- */
$food = array('orange', 'banana', 'apple', 'grapes');
echo "Current : " . current($food) ." ";
echo "Key : " . key($food) ." ";
echo "Pos : " . pos($food) ." ";
/*-------Array Traversing Next Function------- */
next($food);
echo "Current : " . current($food) ." ";
next($food);
/*-------Array Traversing Prev Function------- */
prev($food);
/*-------Array Traversing End Function------- */
end($food);
echo "Key : " . key($food) ." ";
/*-------Array Traversing Each Function------- */
echo "<pre>";
print_r(each($food));
echo "</pre>";
/*-------Array Traversing Reset Function------- */

reset($food);
?>
PHP Array List

PHP list() function
The PHP list( ) function is used to assign values to a list of variables in one operation. This
function was introduced in PHP 4.0.Syntax
array list ( mixed $var1 [, mixed $... ] );
Parameter
Parameter Description Is compulsory

Variable1 The first variable to assign a value to.compulsory
Variable2...More variables to assign values to. Optional
Return value
The list( ) function returns the assigned array.
<?php
/*-------Array List Function------- */
$color = array('red', 'green', 'blue');
list($a , $b, $c) = $color;
echo "Value of a : $a ";
echo "Value of b : $b ";
echo "Value of c : $c ";
echo " ";
/*-------Array Numberic Value------- */

$color1 = array(22,55,33);
list($a , $b, $c) = $color1;
echo " ";
/*------- Remove Variable------- */
list($a , , $c) = $color1;
echo " ";
/*-------Only works with Numeric Index------- */
$color2 = array(0 => 'red', 1 => 'green', 2 => 'blue');
list($a , $b, $c) = $color2;

echo " ";
/*-------All values in One Array------- */
list($d[0], $d[1], $d[2]) = $color2;
echo "Value of a : $d[0] ";
echo "Value of b : $d[1] ";
echo "Value of c : $d[2] ";
echo " ";
?>
PHP Array Extract & Compact

PHP extract() Function
The extract() function imports variables into the local symbol table from an array.
This function uses array keys as variable names and values as variable values. For each
element it will create a variable in the current symbol table.
This function returns the number of variables extracted on success.
Syntax
extract(array, extract_rules, prefix)
Parameter Values
extract_rule Optional. The extract() function checks for invalid variable names and collisions with existing v
s names. This parameter specifies how invalid and colliding names are treated.
Possible values:
 EXTR_OVERWRITE - Default. On collision, the existing variable is overwritten

 EXTR_SKIP - On collision, the existing variable is not overwritten
 EXTR_PREFIX_SAME - On collision, the variable name will be given a prefix
 EXTR_PREFIX_ALL - All variable names will be given a prefix
 EXTR_PREFIX_INVALID - Only invalid or numeric variable names will be given a pref
 EXTR_IF_EXISTS - Only overwrite existing variables in the current symbol table, othe
nothing
 EXTR_PREFIX_IF_EXISTS - Only add prefix to variables if the same variable exists in
current symbol table
 EXTR_REFS - Extracts variables as references. The imported variables are still refere
values of the array parameter
prefix Optional. If EXTR_PREFIX_SAME, EXTR_PREFIX_ALL, EXTR_PREFIX_INVALID or

EXTR_PREFIX_IF_EXISTS are used in the extract_rules parameter, a specified prefix is requ
This parameter specifies the prefix. The prefix is automatically separated from the array key b
underscore character.
Return Value: Returns the number of variables extracted on success
PHP compact() Function
The compact() function creates an array from variables and their values.
Syntax
compact(var1, var2...)
Parameter Values
var1 Required. Can be a string with the variable name, or an array of variables
Optional. Can be a string with the variable name, or an array of variables.
var2,...
Multiple parameters are allowed.
Return Value: Returns an array with all the variables added to it
<?php
/*-------Array Extract Function------- */

$a = "orange";
$color = array('a' => 'red', 'b' => 'green', 'c' => 'blue');
extract($color);
echo ' ';
/*-------Extract_rules------- */
//EXTR_OVERWRITE
extract($color,EXTR_OVERWRITE);
echo ' ';
//EXTR_SKIP
$a1 = "orange";
$color = array('a1' => 'red', 'b1' => 'green', 'c1' => 'blue');
extract($color,EXTR_SKIP);
echo "Value of a1 : $a1 ";
echo "Value of b1 : $b1 ";
echo "Value of c1 : $c1 ";
echo ' ';
//EXTR_PREFIX_SAME ;
extract($color,EXTR_PREFIX_SAME,"test");
echo "Value of a1 : $test_a1 ";
echo "Value of b1 : $b1 ";
echo "Value of c1 : $c1 ";
echo ' ';
//EXTR_PREFIX_ALL
extract($color,EXTR_PREFIX_ALL,"test");

echo "Value of a1 : $test_a1 ";
echo "Value of b1 : $test_b1 ";
echo "Value of c1 : $test_c1 ";
echo ' ';
/*-------Compact Function------- */
$firstname = "Yahoo";
$lastname = "Baba";
$age = "20";
$gender = "Male";
$country = "India";
$newArray = compact("firstname", "lastname", "age");
echo '<pre>';
print_r($newArray);
echo '</pre>';
/*-------Use extra array in compact function------- */
$extra = ["gender" , "country"];

$newArray1 = compact("firstname", "lastname", "age",$extra );
echo '<pre>';
echo '</pre>';
?>
PHP Array_Range
The PHP range( ) function is used to create an array containing a range of elements. The
PHP range( ) function returns an array of elements from low to high. This function was
introduced in PHP 4.0.
Syntax
array range ( mixed $start , mixed $end [, number $step = 1 ] );
Parameter
Parameter Description Is compu

low It is a lower range of the array. compulsory
high It is an upper range of the array. compulsory
step Steps to increase array element. By default it is 1. Optional
Returns
The range( ) function returns array of elements
<?php
/*-------Array Range Function------- */
$newArray = range(0, 10);
echo "<pre>";
print_r($newArray);
echo "</pre>";
/*-------Using step------- */
$newArray1 = range(0, 100, 10);
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/*-------Using Alphabet------- */
$newArray2 = range('a', 'h');
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
//OR
$newArray3 = range('h', 'a');
echo "<pre>";
echo "</pre>";
/*-------Foreach Array Range Function------- */
foreach (range('h', 'a') as $letter) {
echo $letter . " ";
?>

PHP Notes

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PHP Notes

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What is PHP?

 PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"

What is a PHP File?

What Can PHP Do?

 PHP can generate dynamic web page content

<?php echo "Hello Everyone"; ?>

The PHP echo Statement

echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";

echo "Hello world!<br>";

echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";

$txt1 = "Learn PHP";

echo "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

echo "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";

The PHP print Statement

print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";

print "Hello world!<br>";

print "I'm about to learn PHP!";

$txt1 = "Learn PHP";

print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";

print "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables

Rules for PHP variables:

echo "I love $txt!";

Assign String to a Variable

Assign Multiple Values

All three variables get the value "Fruit":

echo "<h1>" . $name . "</h1>";

echo "Hello how are you : " . $name ;

PHP supports the following data types:

Getting the Data Type

A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".

An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.

Rules for integers:

 An integer must have at least one digit

A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

PHP NULL Value

Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value of NULL.

Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:

echo $x[0] . "<br>";

Comments can be used to:

 Let others understand your code

PHP supports several ways of commenting:

Syntax for comments in PHP code:

// This is a single-line comment

# This is also a single-line comment

Single Line Comments

Single line comments start with //.

The following examples uses a single-line comment as an explanation:

// Outputs a welcome message:

echo "Welcome Home!";

Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */.

Any text between /* and */ will be ignored.

The following example uses a multi-line comment as an explanation:

Multi-line comment as an explanation:

The next statement will

print a welcome message

echo "Welcome Home!";

Comments in the Middle of the Code

The + 15 part will be ignored in the calculation:

/* Single Line Comment */

$x = "LBSTI"; //this is first comment

Create a PHP Constant

To create a constant, use the define() function.

define(name, value, case-insensitive);

define(name, value, case-insensitive);

 name: Specifies the name of the constant

Create a constant with a case-sensitive name:

define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!");

define("GREETING", "Welcome to W3Schools.com!", true);

$sum = test + 20;

PHP Arithmetic Operators

Operator Name Example Result

+ Addition $x + $y Sum of $x and $y

- Subtraction $x - $y Difference of $x and $y

* Multiplication $x * $y Product of $x and $y

/ Division $x / $y Quotient of $x and $y

Exponentiation $x $y Result of raising $x to the $y'th power