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    Phong

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    Atul Rana
    This document discusses illumination models and shading techniques used in 3D computer graphics. It covers light source models including point, parallel, and distributed sources. Illumination models like ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection are described. Rendering methods like flat, Gouraud, and Phong shading are explained which calculate lighting intensities at polygon vertices and interpolate across surfaces. Examples are provided to illustrate the different lighting and shading methods.

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    Phong

    Uploaded by

    Atul Rana
    101 views36 pages
    This document discusses illumination models and shading techniques used in 3D computer graphics. It covers light source models including point, parallel, and distributed sources. Illumination models like ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection are described. Rendering methods like flat, Gouraud, and Phong shading are explained which calculate lighting intensities at polygon vertices and interpolate across surfaces. Examples are provided to illustrate the different lighting and shading methods.

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    This document discusses illumination models and shading techniques used in 3D computer graphics. It covers light source models including point, parallel, and distributed sources. Illumination models like ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection are described. Rendering methods like flat, Gouraud, and Phong shading are explained which calculate lighting intensities at polygon vertices and interpolate across surfaces. Examples are provided to illustrate the different lighting and shading methods.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    101 views36 pages

    Phong

    Uploaded by

    Atul Rana
    This document discusses illumination models and shading techniques used in 3D computer graphics. It covers light source models including point, parallel, and distributed sources. Illumination models like ambient, diffuse, and specular reflection are described. Rendering methods like flat, Gouraud, and Phong shading are explained which calculate lighting intensities at polygon vertices and interpolate across surfaces. Examples are provided to illustrate the different lighting and shading methods.

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    Illumination Models and Shading

    Foley & Van Dam, Chapter 16

    Illumination Models and Shading


    Light Source Models Ambient Illumination Diffuse Reflection Specular Reflection Polygon Rendering Methods Flat Shading Gouraud Shading Phong Shading

    Illumination Models
    Motivation: In order to produce realistic images, we must simulate the appearance of surfaces under various lighting conditions Illumination Model: Given the illumination incident at a point on a surface, quantifies the reflected light

    Illumination Model Parameters


    Lighting effects are described with models that consider the interaction of light sources with object surfaces The factors determining the lighting effects are: The light source parameters: Positions Electromagnetic Spectrum Shape The surface parameters Position Reflectance properties Position of nearby surfaces The eye (camera) parameters Position Sensor spectrum sensitivities

    Illumination Models and Rendering


    An illumination model is used to calculate the intensity of the light that is reflected at a given point on a surface A rendering method uses intensity calculations from the illumination model to determine the light intensity at all pixels in the image

    Light Source Models


    Point Source (a): All light rays originate at a point and radially diverge. A reasonable approximation for sources whose dimensions are small compared to the object size Parallel source (b): Light rays are all parallel. May be modeled as a point source at infinite distance (the sun) Distributed source (c): All light rays originate at a finite area in space. It models a nearby source, such as a fluorescent light c b a

    Illumination Models
    Simplified and fast methods for calculating surfaces intensities, mostly empirical Calculations are based on optical properties of surfaces and the lighting conditions (no reflected sources nor shadows) Light sources are considered to be point sources Reasonably good approximation for most scenes

    Ambient Illumination
    Assume there is some non-directional light in the environment (background light) The amount of ambient light incident on each object is constant for all surfaces and over all directions Very simple model, not very realistic OpenGL default

    Ambient Illumination
    The reflected intensity Iamb of any point on the surface is:

    Iamb = Ka Ia
    Ia - ambient light intensity Ka [0,1] - surface ambient reflectivity In principle Ia and Ka are functions of color, so we have IRamb, IGamb and IBamb

    Ambient Illumination
    Example:

    Diffuse Reflection
    Diffuse (Lambertian) surfaces are rough or grainy, like clay, soil, fabric The surface appears equally bright from all viewing directions The brightness at each point is proportional to cos()
    L

    Diffuse Reflection
    Brightness is proportional to cos() because a surface (a) perpendicular to the light direction is more illuminated than a surface (b) at an oblique angle a b

    Diffuse Reflection
    The reflected intensity Idiff of a point on the surface is:

    Idiff = Kd Ipcos() = Kd Ip(NL)


    Ip - the point light intensity. May appear as attenuated source fatt(r)IP Kd [0,1] - the surface diffuse reflectivity N - the surface normal L - the light direction NOTE: If N and L have unitary length: cos() = N L

    Diffuse Reflection
    Example:

    Diffuse Reflection
    Example: diffuse reflection from different light directions

    Diffuse Reflection
    Commonly, there are two types of light sources:
    A background ambient light A point light source The equation that combines the two models is:

    I = Idiff + Iamb = Kd Ip NL + Ka Ia
    Note this is the model for one color and it should be replicated for each channel: IR, IG and IB

    Diffuse Reflection
    Example:
    0 0.3 0.6

    Kd

    0.3

    0.5

    0.7

    Ka

    Specular Reflection
    Models shiny and glossy surfaces (like metal, plastic, etc..) with highlights Reflectance intensity changes with reflected angle An ideal specular surface (mirror) reflects light exclusively in one direction: R Glossy objects are not ideal mirrors and reflect in the immediate vicinity of R
    N L R L N R V

    Ideal specular surface

    Non-ideal specular surface

    Specular Reflection
    The Phong Model: reflected specular intensity falls off as some power of cos ():

    Ispec = Ks Ipcosn() = Ks Ip(RV)n


    Ks - the surface specular reflectivity n specular reflection parameter, determining the deviation from ideal specular surface (for a perfect mirror n=)
    N L R V

    Specular surface

    Specular Reflection
    The Phong Model: plots of cosn() for three values of the specular parameter n
    1

    n=1
    0.8

    n=8 n=64 L

    N R V

    0.6

    0.4

    0.2

    Specular surface

    0 -2

    -1.5

    -1

    -0.5

    0.5

    1.5

    Specular Reflection
    The illumination equation combined with diffuse reflection is:

    I = Iamb+Idiff+Ispec= Ka Ia + Ip (Kd NL + Ks (RV)n)


    If k light sources are present in the scene:

    I= Iamb+k (Ikdiff+Ikspec)

    Specular Reflection
    Example:
    0 0.2 0.5 0.8

    Ks

    0.3

    0.7

    Kd

    Specular Reflection
    Example: effects of the specular parameter n

    n=50 n=10 n=3

    Specular Reflection
    Example:

    Ambient Illumination

    Ambient + Diffuse

    Ambient + Diffuse + Specular

    Composing Light Sources


    Example:

    Polygon Rendering Methods


    A freeform surface can be approximated by polyhedra Rendering: calculate the illumination at each surface point Applying the illumination model at each surface point is computationally expensive

    Flat Shading
    A single intensity is calculated for each surface polygon Fast and simple method Gives reasonable result only if all of the following assumptions are valid: The object is a polyhedron Light source is far away from the surface so that NL is constant over each polygon Viewing position is far away from the surface so that VR is constant over each polygon

    Gouraud Shading
    Renders the polygon surface by linearly interpolating intensity values across the surface Gouraud Shading Algorithm: 1. Determine the normal at each polygon vertex 2. Apply an illumination model to each vertex to calculate the vertex intensity 3. Linearly interpolate the vertex intensities over the surface polygon

    Gouraud Shading
    The normal Nv of a vertex is an average of all neighboring normals:
    N
    V

    N N

    Gouraud Shading
    Interpolation of the vertex intensities
    y

    I3 I1 IP I4 I2
    y y
    y y

    I5
    y y
    y y

    scan line

    I4 =
    I5 =

    4 1

    y y
    y y

    2 2

    I1 +
    I3 +

    1 1

    y y
    y y

    x
    4 2

    I2
    5 2
    4 4

    5 3
    5 5

    2 2
    p 4

    3 3
    p 5

    I2

    Ip =

    x x

    x x

    I4

    x + x

    x x

    I5

    Gouraud Shading
    Example: Gouraud shading of a sphere

    Phong Shading
    A more accurate method for rendering a polygon surface is to interpolate normal vectors, and then apply the illumination model to each surface point Phong Shading Algorithm: 1. Determine the normal at each polygon vertex 2. Linearly interpolate the vertex normals over the surface polygon 3. Apply the illumination model along each scan line to calculate intensity of each surface point

    Phong Shading
    Example: Phong shading of a sphere

    Polygon Rendering Methods


    Example: Flat Gouraud

    Phong

    Polygon Rendering Methods


    Example: Flat Gouraud

    Phong

    Polygon Rendering Methods


    Example:

    Flat

    Gouraud

    Phong

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