Lecture 02 (Function of GI Tract in Digestion and Adsorption)
Lecture 02 (Function of GI Tract in Digestion and Adsorption)
Lecture 02 (Function of GI Tract in Digestion and Adsorption)
GI Tract Functions
The survival of an organism depends on its ability to transduce energy derived from food and stored as chemical energy, to electrical energy. In addition to digestion, the GI tract also acts as a transport organ and has a metabolic function where food is altered before being transported.
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GI Tract Functions
Digestion - breakdown of complex macromolecules to di- & monomeric molecules. Absorption - fuels traverse GI track to cells & tissues of the body. Fuel sources.
Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins.
GI tract Functions
GI track functions.
Digestion & absorption. Transport organ - fluids, electrolytes & proteins. Metabolic function - alters food before adsorption.
Clinical considerations.
Lactose intolerance. Coeliac disease.
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GI tract activities.
Lubrication and homogenization. Secretion of enzymes. Secretion of electrolytes, acids or bases. Secretion of bile acids. Transport of digested material into enterocytes (intestinal epithelial cells) and thence to blood and lymph.
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Digestive Enzymes
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Introduction.
90% of dietary lipid intake = triglycerides (TAG) with remainder as:
Cholesterol. Cholesterol ester. Phospholipids. Free fatty acids (FFA).
Surfactants caused by > FFA = > smaller lipid particles = > surface area = lipid dispersion throughout aqueous phase of GI tract = emulsification process.
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Duodenum (upper part of small intestine) = major lipid digestion area where pancreatic enzymes and bile salts act upon the lipid emulsion. Lipid emulsion from stomach present. Pancreas = > secretion of:
Pancreatic lipase. Co-lipase.
Duodenum = major lipid digestion area where pancreatic enzymes and bile salts act upon the lipid emulsion.. Co-lipase = pancreas secretion.
Binds lipase to lipid surface and activates the lipase enzyme.
Lipase.
Acts on bonds of TAGs. Product = 2-monoglycerol (2-MAG) = facilitates and > adsorption by enterocytes.
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Adsorption by:
Diffusion. Fatty acid binding protein.
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Free fatty acid (FFA) chain length determins type of transport mechanism.
Short-chain FFAs = < 10 carbons.
Pass by diffusion to epithelial cell and then to hepatic portal blood supply.
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Introduction.
Efficient process = little loss. Sources of protein load received by gut.
70-100 g = dietary. 35-200 g = endogenous proteins from :
Secreted enzymes. Cell turnover.
Protein hydrolysis.
Protein hydrolysis begins in stomach.
pH = 1-2 by secreted HCl = protein denaturation = > protein surface area = protein unfolding. Pepsinogen A and B inactive > activation by:
Autoactivation by pH change < 5. By active pepsin. Products = > large peptide fragments and amino acids.
Increased protein digests = > cholecystokinin (hormone) release in duodenum = > secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes.
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Protein hydrolysis.
Pancreatic enzymes released as zymogens into duodenum.
Trypsinogen trypsin.
Activated by duodenal enteropeptidase. Regulated in pancreas by inhibitory peptide.
Trypsin.
Activates its zymogen. Activates all other pancreatic zymogens. Chymotrypsin. Elastase. Carboxy peptides A and B.
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Protein hydrolysis.
Pancreatic proteases released as zymogens into duodenum.
Substrate specificity of peptide bond cleavage.
Trypsin cleaves at lysine and argenine. Chymotrypsin cleaves aromatic amino acids. Elastase cleaves small hydrophobic amino acids = 2-8 amino acid residues.
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Protein hydrolysis.
Transport of free amino acids to portal blood system.
Small intestine enzymes complete the digestion of proteins.
Endopeptidases. Dipeptidases. Aminopeptidases.
Products.
Free amino acids. Di- and tripeptides. Adsorbed into enterocyte by specific carrier-mediated transport. Further digestion to amino acids inside enterocytes. Free amino acids inside enterocyte transfered across the contraluminal membrane into the portal blood system.
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