Perception
Perception
Perception
Making
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A mans face????
Introduction:
Perception is one of the oldest fields in psychology. The word "perception" comes from the Latin words perceptio, percipio which means :receiving, collecting and action of taking possession with the mind or senses. Individuals behave in a given manner based not on the way their external environment actually is, but rather on what they see or believe it to be. Peoples behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.
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Perception
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
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When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
Attribution Theory
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event. Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event. Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.
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Our perception and judgment of others is significantly influenced by our assumptions of the other persons internal state. - When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internal causes -are under that persons control .i.e.
Late coming because of weekend party and sleeping till late
External causes are not person forced to act in that way .i.e. Late due to Accident
Causation judged through: Distinctiveness -Shows different behaviors in different situations. Consensus - Response is the same as others in a given situation. Consistency - Responds in the same way over time.
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Causes of Behavior
Internal factors Personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., ability, effort) External factors Environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., task difficulty, good/bad luck) Organizational Behavior
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Organizational Behavior
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Tasks/ /situations
Poor working condition
Tasks/ /situations
Good working condition
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People
People
Organizational Behavior
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Time
Organizational Behavior
Time
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Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ?
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Contrast Effects Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
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Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that person belongs.
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higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities.
Ethnic Profiling
A form of stereotyping in which a group of individuals is singled outtypically on the basis of race or ethnicityfor intensive inquiry, scrutinizing, or investigation. 525
Employee Effort
Assessment of individual effort is a subjective judgment subject to perceptual distortion and bias.
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Outcomes
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Model Assumptions
Problem clarity Known options Clear preferences Constant preferences No time or cost constraints Maximum payoff
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Alternative Development
Satisficing: seeking the first alternative that solves problem. Engaging in incremental rather than unique problem solving through successive limited comparison of alternatives to the current alternative in effect.
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Anchoring Bias
Fixating on early, first received information.
Confirmation Bias
Using only the facts that support our decision.
Availability Bias
Using information that is most readily at hand.
Winners Curse
Winning participants in an auction typically pay too much for the winning item.
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Randomness Error
Trying to create meaning out of random events by falling prey to a false sense of control or superstitions.
Risk Aversion - The tendency to prefer a sure thing over a risky outcome. Hindsight Bias
Falsely believing to have accurately predicted the outcome of an event, after that outcome is actually known.
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Rights
Respecting and protecting basic rights of individuals such as whistleblowers. Falsely
Justice
Imposing and enforcing rules fairly and impartially.
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