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    Open Hole Well Logging: Tools, Utility and How To Interpret The Chart

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    aistop
    This document discusses open hole well logging. It provides an overview of logging tools and how they are used to interpret well logs. Specifically, it covers: 1) Common logging tools like gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs and how they are used to evaluate hydrocarbon zones. 2) Factors that impact log interpretation like vertical resolution, invasion effects, and definition of resistivities. 3) The logging process where tools are run in a well on a wireline to collect data on formation properties. 4) How well logs are used to determine lithology, fluid content, porosity, and hydrocarbon type for reservoir evaluation and characterization.

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    Open Hole Well Logging: Tools, Utility and How To Interpret The Chart

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    aistop
    200 views36 pages
    This document discusses open hole well logging. It provides an overview of logging tools and how they are used to interpret well logs. Specifically, it covers: 1) Common logging tools like gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs and how they are used to evaluate hydrocarbon zones. 2) Factors that impact log interpretation like vertical resolution, invasion effects, and definition of resistivities. 3) The logging process where tools are run in a well on a wireline to collect data on formation properties. 4) How well logs are used to determine lithology, fluid content, porosity, and hydrocarbon type for reservoir evaluation and characterization.

    Original Title

    1 Basic of Log Interp

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    This document discusses open hole well logging. It provides an overview of logging tools and how they are used to interpret well logs. Specifically, it covers: 1) Common logging tools like gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs and how they are used to evaluate hydrocarbon zones. 2) Factors that impact log interpretation like vertical resolution, invasion effects, and definition of resistivities. 3) The logging process where tools are run in a well on a wireline to collect data on formation properties. 4) How well logs are used to determine lithology, fluid content, porosity, and hydrocarbon type for reservoir evaluation and characterization.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    200 views36 pages

    Open Hole Well Logging: Tools, Utility and How To Interpret The Chart

    Uploaded by

    aistop
    This document discusses open hole well logging. It provides an overview of logging tools and how they are used to interpret well logs. Specifically, it covers: 1) Common logging tools like gamma ray, resistivity, and porosity logs and how they are used to evaluate hydrocarbon zones. 2) Factors that impact log interpretation like vertical resolution, invasion effects, and definition of resistivities. 3) The logging process where tools are run in a well on a wireline to collect data on formation properties. 4) How well logs are used to determine lithology, fluid content, porosity, and hydrocarbon type for reservoir evaluation and characterization.

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    You are on page 1of 36
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that well logging involves using downhole tools to collect data about the formations surrounding the wellbore, which can then be analyzed and interpreted to determine properties like lithology, fluid content, and porosity. Different types of logging include open hole logging, cased hole logging, and production logging.

    The different types of well logging described are open hole logging, perforation and production logging, and cased hole logging. Open hole logging collects data in uncased wellbores, while cased hole logging is done through casing. Production logging monitors fluid flow in producing zones.

    Some of the main logging tools described are the gamma ray, resistivity, neutron porosity, density, caliper, spontaneous potential, and mud resistivity tools. The standard logging string is also mentioned, which is often called a triple combo and contains several of these tools.

    Open Hole Well Logging: Tools, Utility and How to Interpret the Chart

    Miftahul Firdaus
    Petroleum Engineering UPNVeteran Yogyakarta Yogyakarta, 19 July 2008

    The Short Course


    What you should know
    Basic hydrocarbon geology Basic reservoir engineering Basics of drilling a well Basic Logging tools?

    What you should learn..?


    What logging means Understanding of log analysis Simple log analysis (Quick Look) Comparison to core Introduction to computer (S/W) based interpretation

    Contents :
    The Logging Environment & Evaluation of HC Permeable Zone Logs. Spontaneous Potential Log (SP) Gamma Ray Logs (GR) Resistivity Logs. Induction Logs Lateral Logs Porosity Logs. Neutron Logs Densitas Logs Sonic Logs Clean Formation Interpretation Shaly Formation Interpretation

    Logging Environment & Evaluation of Hydrocarbon

    Definitions
    Log Sampling rate / logging speed Vertical resolution Depth of investigation Invasion Logging truck/unit Logging tools

    THE LOGGING ENVIRONMENT

    Maxis acquisition system


    Wireline /field Engineer Client (Witness) Acquisition Equipment Unit Engine

    Winch man Cable drum

    Wireline cable to downhole tools

    Logging Truck

    Type of Logging
    Open hole logging Cased hole logging
    Perforation & Production logging

    What does logging mean?


    7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016

    What does logging mean?


    Tool string is moving at a certain logging speed, and data are recorded at certain intervals called sampling rate.
    7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016

    What does logging mean?


    7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016

    What does logging mean?


    7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016

    What does logging mean?


    7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016

    What does logging mean?


    7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005

    And we get a group of wiggly lines called a log

    7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016

    First well logs recorded in 1927

    Modern logs have more measurements but the principle is the same
    1600

    Shading is often added to make the log curves easier to read. Some times a large group of log curves are grouped and color coded into an Image. More on this later

    1700
    Gamma Ray (GR) 0 (GAPI) 150 1:220 Ft Pad -180 180 1 RX18 200 1 1000 Rt from HALS 1000 5.00 7.75 12.01 18.62 28.85 44.72 69.81 107.43 166.51 258.08 400.00 AHTPR

    SP (SP) 0 (MV)

    FXND 50 (PU) 0 1

    Rt from AITH (OHMM) 1000

    Mud Resistivity from HALS 1 Mud Resistivity from AITH 1 (OHMM) 1000 1000 90

    90

    Vertical Resolution + Sampling Rate

    Coarse sampling rate

    Fine sampling rate

    Volume of measurement depth of investigation Depth of investigation of different measurements J-curves

    Invasion Process

    The Process of Invasion


    Mud pressure in the annulus (Pm) Hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the formation pores (Pr)

    Pm must be kept greater than Pr


    Prevent a well blowout Forces drilling mud into the formation
    Invasion happens solid particles on the formation wall & form a mud cake Liquid that passes into the formation and pushes back some of reservoir fluids , mud filtrate

    Invasion

    Invasion Profile

    Nomenclature:
    Borehole: Rm = Resistivity of mud. Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake. Flushed Zone: Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate. RXO = Resistivity of flushed zone. SXO = Water Saturation of flushed zone. Uninvaded or Virgin Zone: RT = True resistivity of formation. RW = Resistivity of formation water. SW = Formation Water Saturation. RS = Resistivity of adjacent bed or shoulder bed resistivity. di = Diameter of invasion. dh = Borehole diameter. h = Bed thickness.

    Impact of Invasion on Resistivity Measurement


    1. Flushed zone diameter (df.) Containing only Mud Filtrate (Rmf ) Residual Hydrocarbon Resistivity of Flushed Zone (Rxo). Water Saturation of Flushed Zone (Sxo). Thickness ~ 6 inches.

    2. Transition zone diameter (dj.) May extend several feet.


    3. Undisturbed zone: Resistivity of Formation Water (Rw) True Resistivity of Formation (Rt) Water Saturation (Sw) .

    Fundamental Interpretation Relations

    Definition of Resistivities

    Definition of Resistivities
    A. Resistivity of Formation Water (Rw). First, the tank is filled with water containing 10 % NaCl to simulate an formation water. The ratio V / I1 (volts/amperes) is Rw V Rw = ----- [ ohmm] I1 B. Resistivity of Formation (Ro). Sand is poured into the water filled tank. The voltage is applied and a current I2 is measured. V Ro = ----- [ ohmm] I2

    Ro > Rw

    Formation Factor, F
    The Resistivity, Ro must be proportional to Rw since only the water conducts. Ro1 = F Rw1 Ro2 = F Rw2 Ro3 = F Rw3 Thus, Ro = F Rw The proportionality constant F is termed the Formation Factor Dimana F = Formation Resistivity Factor. On general principles, F must be related to porosity by relation of the form : 1 F = ----------m m = Cementation exponent, m = 1.3 - 2.2 (1)

    (2)

    Archies Plot, Formation Factor (F) Vs Porosity () & Permeability (K)

    Definition of Resistivities
    C. True Resistivity (Rt). Fraction of the pore water is replaced by oil (Sw < 1) The same voltage, V, and current I3 V Rt = ----- [ ohmm] I3 Rt = I Ro where, I = Resistivity Index

    Rt > Ro

    (3)

    1 I = ----------Sw n where, n = Saturation exponent ( 2)

    (4)

    Knowing Ro and Rt (from eq. 1,2,3&4), Water saturation (Sw) can be calculated : Ro = ----------Sw n

    Rt

    Sw n

    F. Rw = -----------Rt

    This is the basic equation of log interpretation

    Logging Tools

    Standard Logging String (Triple Combo)


    Formation Gamma Ray Neutron Porosity Density (Porosity) Caliper (hole size) Pad Resistivity (good v.resolution) Resistivity (good depth investigation) Spontaneous Potential Mud Resistivity

    Conveyance
    Open Hole Measurements : Wireline Logging. LWD (Logging While Drilling) Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC) Tractor

    Why we log ?

    Why we log ?

    Lithology (reservoir rock?) Resistivity (HC,water,both?) Porosity (how much HC?) What type of HC

    Multiwell Plots

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