Strain Energy

3.
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Concept of Strain Energy CORE JAVA
Deepak Sharma ME DEPT.

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.5 STRAIN ENERGY
When material is deformed by external loading, energy is stored internally throughout its volume Internal energy is also referred to as strain energy Stress develops a force, F = A = (x y)
<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011
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Strain-energy density is strain energy per unit volume of material U u= = 2 V If material behavior is linear elastic, Hookes law applies, 2 u= = 2E 2
( )
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Modulus of resilience When stress reaches proportional limit, strainenergy-energy density is called modulus of resilience pl pl pl2 ur = = 2E 2
A materials resilience represents its ability to absorb energy without any permanent damage
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Modulus of toughness Modulus of toughness ut, indicates the strain-energy density of material before it fractures Shaded area under stress-strain diagram is the modulus of toughness Used for designing members that may be accidentally overloaded Higher ut is preferable as distortion is noticeable before failure
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials EXAMPLE 3.1
Tension test for a steel alloy results in the stressstrain diagram below. Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength based on a 0.2%.
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials EXAMPLE 3.1 (SOLN)
Modulus of elasticity Calculate the slope of initial straight-line portion of the graph. Use magnified curve and scale shown in light blue, line extends from O to A, with coordinates (0.0016 mm, 345 MPa) 345 MPa E= 0.0016 mm/mm = 215 GPa
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Yield strength At 0.2% strain, extrapolate line (dashed) parallel to OA till it intersects stress-strain curve at A YS = 469 MPa
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Ultimate stress Defined at peak of graph, point B, u = 745.2 MPa
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Fracture stress When specimen strained to maximum of f = 0.23 mm/mm, fractures occur at C. Thus, f = 621 MPa
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials
3.6 POISSONS RATIO
When body subjected to axial tensile force, it elongates and contracts laterally Similarly, it will contract and its sides expand laterally when subjected to an axial compressive force
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.6 POISSONS RATIO
Strains of the bar are: long = L lat = r
Early 1800s, S.D. Poisson realized that within elastic range, ration of the two strains is a constant value, since both are proportional. lat Poissons ratio, = long
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.6 POISSONS RATIO

is unique for homogenous and isotropic material Why negative sign? Longitudinal elongation cause lateral contraction (-ve strain) and vice versa Lateral strain is the same in all lateral (radial) directions
Poissons ratio is dimensionless, 0 0.5
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EXAMPLE 3.4
Bar is made of A-36 steel and behaves elastically. Determine change in its length and change in dimensions of its cross section after load is applied.
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EXAMPLE 3.4 (SOLN)
Normal stress in the bar is P z = = 16.0(106) Pa A From tables, Est = 200 GPa, strain in z-direction is z z = = 80(106) mm/mm Est Axial elongation of the bar is,
z = zLz = [80(106)](1.5 m) = 25.6 m/m
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EXAMPLE 3.4 (SOLN)
Using st = 0.32, contraction strains in both x and y directions are
x = y = stz = 0.32[80(106)] = 25.6 m/m

Thus changes in dimensions of cross-section are x = xLx = [25.6(106)](0.1 m) = 25.6 m y = yLy = [25.6(106)](0.05 m) = 1.28 m
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.6 SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Use thin-tube specimens and subject it to torsional loading Record measurements of applied torque and resulting angle of twist
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3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.6 SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Material will exhibit linear-elastic behavior till its proportional limit, pl Strain-hardening continues till it reaches ultimate shear stress, u Material loses shear strength till it fractures, at stress of f
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3.6 SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
Hookes law for shear = G G is shear modulus of elasticity or modulus of rigidity G can be measured as slope of line on - diagram, G = pl/ pl The three material constants E, , and G is related by E G= 2(1 + )
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EXAMPLE 3.5
Specimen of titanium alloy tested in torsion & shear stress-strain diagram shown below. Determine shear modulus G, proportional limit, and ultimate shear stress. Also, determine the maximum distance d that the top of the block shown, could be displaced horizontally if material behaves elastically when acted upon by V. Find magnitude of V necessary to cause this displacement.
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EXAMPLE 3.5 (SOLN)
Shear modulus Obtained from the slope of the straight-line portion OA of the - diagram. Coordinates of A are (0.008 rad, 360 MPa)
360 MPa G= 0.008 rad = 45(103) MPa
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EXAMPLE 3.5 (SOLN)
Proportional limit By inspection, graph ceases to be linear at point A, thus, pl = 360 MPa
Ultimate stress From graph, u = 504 MPa
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EXAMPLE 3.5 (SOLN)
Maximum elastic displacement and shear force By inspection, graph ceases to be linear at point A, thus, d tan (0.008 rad) 0.008 rad = 50 mm d = 0.4 mm
V avg = A
V 360 MPa = (75 mm)(100 mm) V = 2700 kN
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*3.7 FAILURE OF MATERIALS DUE TO CREEP & FATIGUE
Creep Occurs when material supports a load for very long period of time, and continues to deform until a sudden fracture or usefulness is impaired Is only considered when metals and ceramics are used for structural members or mechanical parts subjected to high temperatures Other materials (such as polymers & composites) are also affected by creep without influence of temperature
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Creep Stress and/or temperature significantly affects the rate of creep of a material Creep strength represents the highest initial stress the material can withstand during given time without causing specified creep strain Simple method to determine creep strength Test several specimens simultaneously At constant temperature, but Each specimen subjected to different axial stress
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Creep Simple method to determine creep strength Measure time taken to produce allowable strain or rupture strain for each specimen Plot stress vs. strain Creep strength inversely proportional to temperature and applied stresses
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Fatigue Defined as a metal subjected to repeated cycles of stress and strain, breaking down structurally, before fracturing Needs to be accounted for in design of connecting rods (e.g. steam/gas turbine blades, connections/supports for bridges, railroad wheels/axles and parts subjected to cyclic loading) Fatigue occurs at a stress lesser than the materials yield stress
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Fatigue Also referred to as the endurance or fatigue limit Method to get value of fatigue Subject series of specimens to specified stress and cycled to failure Plot stress (S) against number of cycles-tofailure N (S-N diagram) on logarithmic scale
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CHAPTER REVIEW
Tension test is the most important test for determining material strengths. Results of normal stress and normal strain can then be plotted. Many engineering materials behave in a linearelastic manner, where stress is proportional to strain, defined by Hookes law, = E. E is the modulus of elasticity, and is measured from slope of a stress-strain diagram When material stressed beyond yield point, permanent deformation will occur.
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CHAPTER REVIEW
Strain hardening causes further yielding of material with increasing stress At ultimate stress, localized region on specimen begin to constrict, and starts necking. Fracture occurs. Ductile materials exhibit both plastic and elastic behavior. Ductility specified by permanent elongation to failure or by the permanent reduction in cross-sectional area Brittle materials exhibit little or no yielding before failure
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CHAPTER REVIEW
Yield point for material can be increased by strain hardening, by applying load great enough to cause increase in stress causing yielding, then releasing the load. The larger stress produced becomes the new yield point for the material Deformations of material under load causes strain energy to be stored. Strain energy per unit volume/strain energy density is equivalent to area under stress-strain curve.
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CHAPTER REVIEW
The area up to the yield point of stress-strain diagram is referred to as the modulus of resilience The entire area under the stress-strain diagram is referred to as the modulus of toughness Poissons ratio (), a dimensionless property that measures the lateral strain to the longitudinal strain [0 0.5] For shear stress vs. strain diagram: within elastic region, = G, where G is the shearing modulus, found from the slope of the line within elastic region
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CHAPTER REVIEW

G can also be obtained from the relationship of G = E/[2(1+ )] When materials are in service for long periods of time, creep and fatigue are important. Creep is the time rate of deformation, which occurs at high stress and/or high temperature. Design the material not to exceed a predetermined stress called the creep strength
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CHAPTER REVIEW
Fatigue occur when material undergoes a large number of cycles of loading. Will cause micro-cracks to occur and lead to brittle failure. Stress in material must not exceed specified endurance or fatigue limit
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3.

Mechanical Properties of Materials

Concept of Strain Energy CORE JAVA

Deepak Sharma ME DEPT.

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.5 STRAIN ENERGY

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.5 STRAIN ENERGY

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.5 STRAIN ENERGY

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.5 STRAIN ENERGY

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials EXAMPLE 3.1

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials EXAMPLE 3.1 (SOLN)

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials EXAMPLE 3.1 (SOLN)

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials EXAMPLE 3.1 (SOLN)

Ultimate stress Defined at peak of graph, point B, u = 745.2 MPa

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials EXAMPLE 3.1 (SOLN)

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials

3.6 POISSONS RATIO

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.6 POISSONS RATIO

Strains of the bar are: long = L lat = r

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.6 POISSONS RATIO

Poissons ratio is dimensionless, 0 0.5

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials

EXAMPLE 3.4 (SOLN)

z = zLz = [80(106)](1.5 m) = 25.6 m/m

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials

EXAMPLE 3.4 (SOLN)

Using st = 0.32, contraction strains in both x and y directions are

x = y = stz = 0.32[80(106)] = 25.6 m/m

<slide Title> | CONFIDENTIAL 2011

2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

3. Mechanical Properties of Materials 3.6 SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM