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    Acid and Base

    Uploaded by

    Eshan Maheshwari
    This document summarizes key properties and concepts regarding acids and bases. It defines acids as producing hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as producing hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids are sour tasting and turn litmus red, while bases are bitter tasting and turn litmus blue. The three major theories discussed are Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 with pH 7 being neutral. Acid rain is caused by atmospheric pollutants reacting with water to produce acids.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Acid and Base

    Uploaded by

    Eshan Maheshwari
    42 views24 pages
    This document summarizes key properties and concepts regarding acids and bases. It defines acids as producing hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as producing hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids are sour tasting and turn litmus red, while bases are bitter tasting and turn litmus blue. The three major theories discussed are Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 with pH 7 being neutral. Acid rain is caused by atmospheric pollutants reacting with water to produce acids.

    Original Description:

    its is a presentation on acid and bases to help in chemistry with more fundamentals

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    acid and base

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    This document summarizes key properties and concepts regarding acids and bases. It defines acids as producing hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as producing hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids are sour tasting and turn litmus red, while bases are bitter tasting and turn litmus blue. The three major theories discussed are Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 with pH 7 being neutral. Acid rain is caused by atmospheric pollutants reacting with water to produce acids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    42 views24 pages

    Acid and Base

    Uploaded by

    Eshan Maheshwari
    This document summarizes key properties and concepts regarding acids and bases. It defines acids as producing hydrogen ions (H+) in water and bases as producing hydroxide ions (OH-). Acids are sour tasting and turn litmus red, while bases are bitter tasting and turn litmus blue. The three major theories discussed are Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis definitions. Strong acids and bases fully dissociate in water, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. The pH scale ranges from 0-14 with pH 7 being neutral. Acid rain is caused by atmospheric pollutants reacting with water to produce acids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    Acids and Bases

    PGCC CHM 101 Sinex


    General properties
    ACIDS
    Taste sour
    Turn litmus
    React with active
    metals Fe, Zn



    React with bases
    BASES
    Taste bitter
    Turn litmus
    Feel soapy or
    slippery (react with
    fats to make soap)
    React with acids
    blue to red red to blue
    Definitions
    Acids produce H
    +
    Bases - produce OH
    -

    Acids donate H
    +
    Bases accept H
    +

    Acids accept e
    -
    pair
    Bases donate e
    -
    pair
    Arrehenius
    Bronsted-Lowry
    Lewis
    only in water
    any solvent
    used in organic chemistry,
    wider range of substances
    Examples
    Arrhenius
    Bronsted-Lowry
    Lewis
    HCl
    NaOH
    HCl NH
    3
    :NH
    3
    BF
    3
    HCN
    The hydrogen ion in aqueous solution
    H
    +
    + H
    2
    O H
    3
    O
    +
    (hydronium ion)
    The Bronsted-Lowry Concept
    Conjugate pairs
    HCl Cl
    -
    CH
    3
    COOH CH
    3
    COO
    -
    NH
    4
    +
    NH
    3
    HNO
    3
    NO
    3
    -
    How does a conjugate pair differ?
    H
    +
    transfer
    Neutralization
    In general: Acid + Base Salt + Water
    All neutralization reactions are double displacement reactions.
    HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH
    HCl + Mg(OH)
    2

    H
    2
    SO
    4
    + NaHCO
    3

    H
    2
    O H
    +
    + OH
    -
    Does pure water conduct electrical current?
    (H
    +
    )(OH
    -
    ) = 10
    -14

    For pure water: (H
    +
    ) = (OH
    -
    ) = 10
    -7
    M

    This is neutrality and
    at 25
    o
    C is a pH = 7.
    Water is a very, very, very weak electrolyte.
    How are (H
    +
    ) and (OH
    -
    ) related?
    water
    HA
    Lets examine the behavior of
    an acid, HA, in aqueous solution.
    What happens to the HA molecules in solution?
    HA
    H
    +
    A
    -
    Strong Acid
    100% dissociation of HA
    Would the
    solution be
    conductive?
    HA
    H
    +
    A
    -
    Weak Acid
    Partial dissociation of HA
    Would the
    solution be
    conductive?
    HA
    H
    +
    A
    -
    Weak Acid
    HA H
    +
    + A
    -
    At any one
    time, only a
    fraction of
    the molecules
    are
    dissociated.
    Strong and Weak Acids/Bases
    Strong acids/bases 100% dissociation into ions

    HCl NaOH
    HNO
    3
    KOH
    H
    2
    SO
    4
    Weak acids/bases partial dissociation,
    both ions and molecules

    CH
    3
    COOH NH
    3


    pH
    2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
    neutral @ 25
    o
    C
    (H
    +
    ) = (OH
    -
    )
    distilled water
    acidic
    (H
    +
    ) > (OH
    -
    )
    basic or alkaline
    (H
    +
    ) < (OH
    -
    )
    natural
    waters pH =
    6.5 - 8.5
    normal rain (CO
    2
    )
    pH = 5.3 5.7
    acid rain (NO
    x
    , SO
    x
    )
    pH of 4.2 - 4.4 in
    Washington DC area
    0-14 scale for the chemists
    fish populations
    drop off pH < 6
    and to zero pH < 5
    You
    are
    here!
    http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/isopleths
    pH of Rainwater
    across United States in 2001
    Why is the eastern US more acidic?
    air masses
    What is acid rain?
    CO
    2
    (g) + H
    2
    O H
    2
    CO
    3
    H
    +
    + HCO
    3
    -
    Dissolved carbon dioxide lowers the pH
    Atmospheric pollutants from combustion
    NO, NO
    2
    + H
    2
    O HNO
    3
    SO
    2
    , SO
    3
    + H
    2
    O H
    2
    SO
    4
    both
    strong
    acids
    pH < 5.3
    105
    Db
    107
    Bh
    Behavior of oxides in water Group A
    basic amphoteric acidic
    3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
    1A
    2A
    8A
    Group B
    basic: Na
    2
    O + H
    2
    O 2NaOH
    (O
    -2
    + H
    2
    O 2OH
    -
    )
    acidic: CO
    2
    + H
    2
    O H
    2
    CO
    3
    When life goes either way
    amphoteric (amphiprotic) substances
    HCO
    3
    -

    H
    2
    CO
    3
    CO
    3
    -2
    + H
    +
    - H
    +
    Acting like
    a base
    Acting like
    an acid
    accepts H
    +
    donates H
    +
    pH
    1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
    The biological view in the human body
    acidic basic/alkaline
    7
    Tortora & Grabowski, Prin. of Anatomy & Physiology, 10
    th
    ed., Wiley (2003)
    Does the pH influence the
    activity of an enzyme?
    Trypsin is a digestive enzyme. Where?
    Intestinal pH range 7.0-8.5
    The amino acid glycine - amphoteric
    Its an acid and a base!
    Loss of H
    +
    Gain of H
    +
    H
    2
    N-CH
    2
    -COOH
    H
    3
    N
    +
    -CH
    2
    -COOH H
    2
    N-CH
    2
    -COO
    -
    Chime structure
    The amino acid glycine - Zwitterion formation
    Transfer of H
    +
    from carboxylic
    acid group to amine group.

    H
    2
    N-CH
    2
    -COOH
    H
    3
    N
    +
    -CH
    2
    -COO
    -
    +
    -
    A dipolar
    ion forms.
    intramolecular acid-base reaction
    Chime structure
    Show how water can be amphoteric.
    H
    2
    O
    + H
    +
    - H
    +
    Dilution
    water (solvent) solute
    concentrated, M
    initial
    diluted, M
    final
    adding water lowers the solute concentration
    moles of solute remain constant
    V
    initial
    V
    final
    moles
    initial
    = moles
    final
    M
    final
    x V
    final
    = M
    initial
    x V
    initial
    Titration Calculation
    HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH
    at equivalence point: mole
    HCl
    = mole
    NaOH
    moles = M x V
    L
    M
    acid
    x V
    initial acid
    = M
    base
    x V
    buret

    A way to analyze solutions!
    indicator

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