Fundamental Operation of Arithmetic: 1.1 Fraction 1.2 Ratio and Proportion 1.3 Percentage
Fundamental Operation of Arithmetic: 1.1 Fraction 1.2 Ratio and Proportion 1.3 Percentage
Fundamental Operation of Arithmetic: 1.1 Fraction 1.2 Ratio and Proportion 1.3 Percentage
Fundamental Operation of
Arithmetic
1.1 Fraction
1.2 Ratio and Proportion
1.3 Percentage
WHAT IS
FRACTION?
1.1 FRACTION
Types of fraction
Denominator, D
Types
Definition
Proper fraction
Improper fraction
Numerator = or >
denominator
Mixed fractions
Equivalent fractions
Examples
1.1 FRACTION
IMPROPER
Divide N by D as far as possible
and express remainder as a proper fraction
Conversion
improper to
mixed
MIXED
Multiply the whole number by D,
add N. Place the total over N.
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
1. ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
Same Denominators
Just add / minus the numerator
Different Denominators
Find a common denominator, then add / minus and
simplified the answer to the lowest term.
1 3 6
Example: Evaluate the followings; a)
5 5 5
3 1
b)
7 5
2 2
c)
5 3
3
2
d) 2 5
4
5
PRACTICE 1
1. Add together :
2 1
a)
3 5
5 1
b)
8 9
3 2 1
c)
8 5 3
2
3
d) 3 4
3
5
1
1
1
e) 5 4 3
2
3
5
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
2. MULTIPLICATION
3. DIVISION
p r pr
q s qs
p r p s ps
q s q r qr
PRACTICE 2
Calculate each of the following:
5 4
1)
8 7
5
2
2)
6 3
1 3
3)
4 5
3 5
4) 1
4 8
7
3
5)
8
4
1 3
8 4
1 1 2
7) 1
4 8 5
6)1
2
2
7
8) 1 2 3
5
5
8
2 2 1 1
9)
5 3 4 2
1
4
2
10) 2 1 5
5
5
3
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
4. POWERS
5. SQUARE ROOTS
b
b
Example; 2 23 8
3
Example; 16 16 4
125
81
81
1.1 FRACTION
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS
6. PRACTICAL APPLICATION
A girl spends 3/4 of her pocket money and has 90cents left. How
much did she have to start with?
3 1
1 90 cents
4 4
1 4 90 360 cents
The girl had RM 3.60 to start with.
2 1
5 4
8 5 13
20
20
1)Food
13
20
20 13 7
20
20
2)Drink 1
PRACTICE 3
1. Jane takes 5 minutes to iron a blouse. How
many blouses can she iron in 23 minutes?
2. The profit of a business are RM 29 000. It is
shared between two partners A & B. If A
receives 9/20 of the profits, how much money
does B receive?
3. A man sells his car for RM 16 200 and as a
result, loses one tenth of the price he paid for it.
What price did he pay for it?
4. 5/8 of a fence has been built. If there is still 40
feet to be built, how long will the fence be?
5. A man left three eight of his money to his wife &
half the remainder to his son. The rest was
divided equally between his five daughters.
Determine what fraction of the money each
daughter received.
WHAT IS
RATIO ?
WHAT IS
RATIO ?
52
5 3
:
8 8
12
8
c)
to
13 13
d) 10 cm 2 : 10 mm2
b)
1.
WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?
Inverse proportion
If an increase (decrease) in one
quantity produces a decrease
(increase) in a second quantity
in the same time.
E.g. 5 men building a wall take
20 days. If 4 men, it will take
only 25 days.
WHAT IS
PROPORTION ?
Examples:
1. Find the value of x for 5 : 25 = 3 : x. 5 3 5 x 75
25
2. If a : b = 5 : 3, find
a.b : a
b.a : (a b)
c.b : (a + b)
d.(a b) : (a + b)
3. If a : c = 3 : 4, and a : b = 4 : 5, find b : c
x 15
WHAT IS
PERCENTAGE ?
1.3 PERCENTAGE
x 100%
100%
Fractions
Percentage
x 100%
Decimal
100%
1.3 PERCENTAGE