Spur Gear

ADVANCED TRAINING INSTITUTE ,
MUMBAI
GEAR
NITIN MASKE, VI
Terms used in Gears

The following terms, which will be mostly used in this chapter, should be clearly
understood at
1. Pitch circle. It is an imaginary circle which by pure rolling action, would
give the same motion as the actual gear.
2. Pitch circle diameter. It is the diameter of the pitch circle. The size of the
gear is usually specified by the pitch circle diameter. It is also called as pitch
diameter.
3. Pressure angle - It is the angle between the common normal to two gear
teeth at the point of contact and the common tangent at the pitch point. It is usually
denoted by . The standard pressure angles are 14 /2 and 20.
4. Addendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the
top of the tooth.
5. Dedendum. It is the radial distance of a tooth from the pitch circle to the
bottom of the tooth.
6. Addendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the top of the teeth and is
concentric with the
pitch circle.
7. Dedendum circle. It is the circle drawn through the bottom of the teeth. It is
also called root
circle.
NITIN MASKE, VI
NITIN MASKE, VI
10. Circular pitch. It is the distance measured on the circumference of the pitch circle from a
point of one tooth to the corresponding point on the next tooth. It is usually denoted by pc.
Mathematically,
Circular pitch, pc = D/T
where D = Diameter of the pitch circle, and
T = Number of teeth on the wheel.
Module. It is the ratio of the pitch circle diameter in millimeters to the number of teeth. It is
usually denoted by m. Mathematically,
Module, m = D / T
Backlash. It is the difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness, as measured
on the pitch circle.
Diametral pitch. It is the ratio of number of teeth to the pitch circle diameter in millimetres. It
denoted by pd. Mathematically
Diametral pitch,
pd = T/D = /Pc
where T = Number of teeth, and
D = Pitch circle diameter.
Pc = D/T
3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles

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Tooth thickness. It is the width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle
Clearance. It is the radial distance from the top of the tooth to the bottom of the tooth, in a
meshing gear. A circle passing through the top of the meshing gear is known as clearance
circle.
Working depth. It is radial distance from the addendum circle to the clearance circle. It is
equal to the sum of the addendum of the two meshing gears.
NITIN MASKE, VI
Classification of Gears
The gears or toothed wheels may be classified as follows :
1. According to the position of axes of the shafts.
(a) Parallel, (b) Intersecting, and (c) Non-intersecting and non-parallel.
2. According to the peripheral velocity of the gears.
(a) Low velocity, (b) Medium velocity, and (c) High velocity.
3. According to the type of gearing.
(a) External gearing, (b) Internal gearing, and (c) Rack and pinion.
4. According to the position of teeth on the gear surface.
(a) Straight, (b) Inclined, and (c) Curved.
NITIN MASKE, VI
Advantages and Disadvantages of

Gear Drives
The following are the advantages and
disadvantages of the gear drive as compared to

other drives, i.e. belt, rope and chain drives :
Advantages
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It may be used for small centre distances
of shafts.
4. It has high efficiency.
5. It has reliable service.
6. It has compact layout.
NITIN MASKE, VI
Disadvantages
1. Since the manufacture of gears require special
tools and equipment, therefore it is costlier than other drives

2. The error in cutting teeth may cause vibrations and
noise during operation.

3. It requires suitable lubricant and reliable method of
applying it, for the proper operation of gear drives
NITIN MASKE, VI
Causes of Gear Tooth Failure : The different modes of failure of gear teeth and their possible remedies to avoid the failure, are
as follows :
1. Bending failure. Every gear tooth acts as a cantilever. If the total repetitive dynamic load
acting on the gear tooth is greater than the beam strength of the gear tooth, then the gear tooth will fail
in bending, i.e. the gear tooth will break. In order to avoid such failure, the module and face width of the gear is
adjusted so that the beam strength is greater than the dynamic load.
2. Pitting. It is the surface fatigue failure which occurs due to many repetition of Hertz contact
stresses. The failure occurs when the surface contact stresses are higher than the endurance limit of
the material. The failure starts with the formation of pits which continue to grow resulting in the
rupture of the tooth surface. In order to avoid the pitting, the dynamic load between the gear tooth should be less
than the wear strength of the gear tooth.

3. Scoring. The excessive heat is generated when there is an excessive surface pressure, high
speed or supply of lubricant fails. It is a stick-slip phenomenon in which alternate shearing and welding
takes place rapidly at high spots.
This type of failure can be avoided by properly designing the parameters such as speed, pressure and
proper flow of the lubricant, so that the temperature at the rubbing faces is within the permissible limits.
4. Abrasive wear. The foreign particles in the lubricants such as dirt, dust or burr enter between
the tooth and damage the form of tooth. This type of failure can be avoided by providing filters for the
lubricating oil or by using high viscosity lubricant oil which enables the formation of thicker oil film
and hence permits easy passage of such particles without damaging the gear surface.
5. Corrosive wear. The corrosion of the tooth surfaces is mainly caused due to the presence of
corrosive elements such as additives present in the lubricating oils. In order to avoid this type of wear,
MASKE,additives
VI
properNITIN
anti-corrosive
should be used.
Gear Materials
1.
The material used for the manufacture of gears depends upon the strength and
service conditions like wear, noise etc.
2.
The gears may be manufactured from metallic or non-metallic materials.
3.
The metallic gears with cut teeth are commercially obtainable in cast iron, steel and
bronze. The nonmetallic materials like wood, rawhide, compressed paper and
synthetic resins like nylon are used for gears, especially for reducing noise.
4.
The cast iron is widely used for the manufacture of gears due to its good wearing
properties,
5.
excellent machinability and ease of producing complicated shapes by casting method.
6.
The cast iron gears with cut teeth may be employed, where smooth action is not
important.
7.
The steel is used for high strength gears and steel may be plain carbon steel or alloy
steel.
8.
The steel gears are usually heat treated in order to combine properly the toughness
and hardness tooth
9.
The phosphor bronze is widely used for worm gears in order to reduce wear of the
worms
NITIN MASKE, VI
Comparison Between Involute and Cycloidal Gears

Advantages of involute gears
1. The most important advantage of the involute gears is that the centre distance for a pair of
involute gears can be varied within limits without changing the velocity ratio.
This is not true for cycloidal gears which requires exact centre distance to be maintained.
2. In involute gears, the pressure angle, from the start of the engagement of teeth to the end of
the engagement, remains constant. It is necessary for smooth running and less wear of gears. But in
cycloidal gears, the pressure angle is maximum at the beginning of engagement, reduces to zero at
pitch point, starts increasing and again becomes maximum at the end of engagement. This results in
less smooth running of gears.
3. The face and flank of involute teeth are generated by a single curve whereas in cycloidal
gears, double curves (i.e. epicycloid and hypocycloid) are required for the face and flank respectively.
* It is not the case with cycloidal teeth.
Thus the involute teeth are easy to manufacture than cycloidal teeth.
In involute system, the basic rack has straight teeth and the same can be cut with simple tools.
having smaller number of teeth.

This may be avoided by altering the heights of addendum and dedendum of the mating teeth or the angle
of obliquity of the teeth.
NITIN MASKE, VI
Comparison Between Involute and Cycloidal Gears

Advantages of cycloid gears
Following are the advantages of cycloidal gears :
1. Since the cycloidal teeth have wider flanks, therefore the
cycloidal gears are stronger than the involute gears for the same
pitch. Due to this reason, the cycloidal teeth are preferred specially for
cast teeth.
2. In cycloidal gears, the contact takes place between a convex
flank and concave surface, whereas in involute gears, the convex
surfaces are in contact. This condition results in less wear in cycloidal
gears as compared to involute gears.
3. In cycloidal gears, the interference does not occur at all.
Though there are advantages of cycloidal gears but they are
outweighed by the greater simplicity and flexibility of the involute gears.
NITIN MASKE, VI
1. True 2. True 3. Roller 4. True 5. Pitch 6. Pinions 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a)

10. (b) 11. Double, helical 12. False 13. True 14. True 15. Bevel
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1. In auto cad ------snap-------- command sets increments for curser

movement
2. To set the cutter ---v block / gage block-/ holdong----------- block is
provided on milling machine
3. Clearance angle of twist drill is 10 deg. -
false 27.5 true
4. In a center lathe, tapers can be turned by shifting of -----the axis

of rotation of the workpiesce--------5. A four jaw chuck provides ---slots for the ----------- grip on the job
6. Roughness of surface depends upon ------------7. Pipes of smaller diameter are called tubes - true
8. One method of rigidity mounting a pulley on a shaft is means of
----key------NITIN MASKE, VI
9. An idler pulley is used as a change the direction of transmission
NITIN MASKE, VI
NITIN MASKE, VI
NITIN MASKE, VI
NITIN MASKE, VI
NITIN MASKE, VI

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ADVANCED TRAINING INSTITUTE ,

Terms used in Gears

3. Pitch point. It is a common point of contact between two pitch circles

Advantages and Disadvantages of

disadvantages of the gear drive as compared to

tools and equipment, therefore it is costlier than other drives

noise during operation.

applying it, for the proper operation of gear drives

than the wear strength of the gear tooth.

The gears may be manufactured from metallic or non-metallic materials.

excellent machinability and ease of producing complicated shapes by casting method.

Comparison Between Involute and Cycloidal Gears

having smaller number of teeth.

of obliquity of the teeth.

Comparison Between Involute and Cycloidal Gears

1. True 2. True 3. Roller 4. True 5. Pitch 6. Pinions 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a)

1. In auto cad ------snap-------- command sets increments for curser

false 27.5 true

4. In a center lathe, tapers can be turned by shifting of -----the axis

9. An idler pulley is used as a change the direction of transmission

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