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    Chapter 2-The Research Enterprise in Psychology-Psych 111-Student Version

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    This document outlines the goals and steps of scientific research. The three main goals are measurement and description, understanding and prediction, and application and control. The five steps of research are: 1) developing a testable hypothesis, 2) selecting a research method and study design, 3) collecting data, 4) analyzing data and drawing conclusions, and 5) reporting findings. The two major types of research methods are descriptive-correlational, which includes naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys, and experimental methods.

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    Chapter 2-The Research Enterprise in Psychology-Psych 111-Student Version

    Uploaded by

    maddieecomeau
    91 views31 pages
    This document outlines the goals and steps of scientific research. The three main goals are measurement and description, understanding and prediction, and application and control. The five steps of research are: 1) developing a testable hypothesis, 2) selecting a research method and study design, 3) collecting data, 4) analyzing data and drawing conclusions, and 5) reporting findings. The two major types of research methods are descriptive-correlational, which includes naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys, and experimental methods.

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    Introduction to Psychology Chapter 2 Lecture powerpoint

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    This document outlines the goals and steps of scientific research. The three main goals are measurement and description, understanding and prediction, and application and control. The five steps of research are: 1) developing a testable hypothesis, 2) selecting a research method and study design, 3) collecting data, 4) analyzing data and drawing conclusions, and 5) reporting findings. The two major types of research methods are descriptive-correlational, which includes naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys, and experimental methods.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    91 views31 pages

    Chapter 2-The Research Enterprise in Psychology-Psych 111-Student Version

    Uploaded by

    maddieecomeau
    This document outlines the goals and steps of scientific research. The three main goals are measurement and description, understanding and prediction, and application and control. The five steps of research are: 1) developing a testable hypothesis, 2) selecting a research method and study design, 3) collecting data, 4) analyzing data and drawing conclusions, and 5) reporting findings. The two major types of research methods are descriptive-correlational, which includes naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys, and experimental methods.

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    Outline

    I. What Are the Goals of Scientific

    Research?
    A. Measurement and Description
    B. Understanding and Prediction
    C. Application and Control

    Outline
    II. What Are the Steps in Scientific

    Research?
    A. Step 1: Translate a Theory or an Idea
    into a Testable Hypothesis
    B. Step 2: Select the Research Method &
    Design the Study
    C. Step 3: Collect the Data

    Outline
    D. Step 4: Analyze the Data and Draw

    Conclusions
    E. Step 5: Report the Findings
    III. What Are the Different Types of
    Research Methods?
    A. Descriptive-Correlational Research
    1. Naturalistic Observation

    Outline
    2. Case Study
    3. Survey
    B. Experiments

    The Research Enterprise in


    Psychology
    I. What Are the Goals of Scientific

    Research?
    A. Measurement and Description
    B. Understanding and Prediction

    The Goals of Scientific Research


    1. Hypothesis is a tentative statement

    about the relationship between two or


    more variables (i.e., a prediction)
    2. Variables are anything measurable that
    can vary among individuals such as
    height, weight, reading speed, etc
    3. Variables: marihuana use and memory

    The Goals in a Scientific Study


    C. Application and Control
    1. A theory is a system of interrelated

    ideas used to explain a set of observations


    a. A good theory not only explains a set of
    observations but is falsifiable
    b. A good theory is stated in such clear &
    precise terms that it makes predictions

    The Steps in a Scientific Study


    II. What Are the Steps in a Scientific

    Study?
    A. Step 1 is to translate a theory or an
    idea into a testable hypothesis

    The Steps in a Scientific Study


    1. To be testable a hypothesis has to be

    formulated precisely and the variables


    under study have to be clearly defined
    a. Operational definition-Specifies the
    operations or procedures used to measure
    something.
    b. It is a way to give something a
    numerical value.

    The Steps in a Scientific Study


    B. Step 2 Select the Research Method

    and Design the Study


    1. Select the method: Naturalistic study,
    case study, survey, or experiment
    2. Make detailed plans for conducting the
    study
    a. Participants-Persons or animals whose
    behavior is being studied

    The Steps in a Scientific Study


    (1) Population-The entire group of

    individuals to be considered.
    (2) Sample-Small number of people from
    the population
    (3) Random sample-A sample in which
    every individual in the population has an
    equal chance of being selected.

    The Steps in a Scientific Study


    b. Experimenter bias- When a

    researchers expectations or preferences


    about the outcome of a study influence the
    results
    c. Demand characteristics-Clues that tell a
    participant what the experimenter hopes to
    find.

    The Steps in a Scientific Study


    d. Minimized by concealing true purpose

    of study
    e. Double-blind procedure-A research
    strategy in which neither the participants
    nor experimenter knows which participants
    are in the experimental or control groups.

    The Steps in a Scientific Study


    C. Step 3: Collect the data

    The Steps in a Scientific Study


    D. Step 4: Analyze the data and draw

    conclusions
    E. Step 5: Report the findings

    Different types of Research


    Methods
    III. What Are the Different Types of

    Research Methods
    A. Descriptive-Correlational Research
    1. Naturalistic Observation
    a. Careful observation of what happens
    under more or less natural conditions
    b. Jane Goodal

    Naturalistic Observations
    c. Observer effect-Changes in participants

    behavior caused by an awareness of


    being observed
    d. Observer bias-Observer sees what
    expects to see or records only selected
    details
    e. Observational record- A formal log of
    data and observations

    Case Study
    2. Case study
    a. Thorough description of a person,

    including their abilities and disabilities,


    medical condition, life history, unusual
    experiences, or whatever else seems
    relevant

    Case Study
    b. Dr. Harlow
    c. Phineas Gage

    Surveys
    3. Survey
    a. A study of the prevalence of certain

    beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on


    peoples response to specific questions
    b. Problems:
    (1) no random sample,

    Surveys
    (2) people not think carefully about

    responses
    (3) wording of questions, and
    (4) socially desirable responses

    Correlational Studies
    4. Correlational Studies
    a. Researchers measure the correlation

    between two variables without controlling


    them

    Correlational Research
    b. Correlation is the measure of the

    relationship between two variables


    c. Some correlations are stronger than
    others
    d. Correlation coefficient-A mathematical
    measure of the relationship between
    variables
    e. Range from + 1 to -1

    Correlations
    f. Correlations tell us that variables are

    related, but does not tell us why they are


    related
    g. They do not establish causation

    Correlations

    5. Advantages of descriptive/correlational
    research:
    a. Study matters could not study by experimental
    method;
    b. Greater external validity
    c. External validity-When research findings apply
    to the real world
    d. In some cases can use to make predictions
    6. Disadvantage: Cannot establish causation

    Experiments
    B. Experiment
    1. Only research method that can

    establish causation
    2. Only can be used when researcher can
    control the level of the independent
    variable the participants are assigned to

    Experiments
    3. Usually conducted in laboratories
    4. Experimental results may not generalize

    well to real world


    a. Lack external validity

    Experiments
    5. Three steps in experiment:
    a. Directly vary a condition you think might

    affect behavior
    b. Create two or more groups of
    participants that are alike in all ways
    except for the condition that varies
    c. Record if varying condition has any
    effect on behavior

    Experiments
    6.Simplest experiment consists of two

    groups: experimental and control groups


    a. Experimental group-Group exposed to
    independent variable
    (1) Independent variables are conditions
    altered or varied by the experimenter
    b. Control group-Treated like experimental
    group, but not exposed to independent
    variable

    Experiments
    c. Dependent variables measure the

    results of the experiment


    (1)The effects the independent variable
    had on behavior

    Experiments
    d. Extraneous variables-Conditions that a

    researcher wishes to prevent affecting the


    outcome of the experiment
    e. Random assignment-A participant has
    an equal chance of being in either the
    experimental or control group

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