Chapter 5 Lecture Microbiology
Chapter 5 Lecture Microbiology
Chapter 5 Lecture Microbiology
Week 4
Professor Autieri
A larger prokaryotic
cell such as an
archaea has a flexible
outer envelope and
Mesosomelike
internal membranes to
enclose the nucleoid.
A smaller prokaryotic
cell similar to purple
bacteria that can use
oxygen
Nuclear
envelope
Early
nucleus
Evidence suggests
evolution from
prokaryotic
organisms by
symbiosis
Early
mitochondria
Early
endoplasmic
reticulum
Photosynthetic bacteria
(similar to cyanobacteria)
are also engulfed; they
develop into chloroplasts.
Ancestral cell
Organelles originated
Chloroplast
Cell
wall
Ancient Eukaryotes
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y.
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Andrew Knoll
Andrew Knoll
(a)
(b)
3
Eukaryotic Microbes
Cell wall*
Mitochondrion
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum with
ribosomes
Microfilaments
Flagellum*
Nuclear
membrane
with pores
Nucleus
Lysosome
Nucleolus
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Microvilli/
Glycocalyx
Microtubules
Chloroplast*
Centrioles*
*Structure not present in all cell types
External Structures
Locomotor appendages:
Flagella
outer
dynein
arm
Microtubules
B subfiber
of doublet
Cilium
singlet
Cell
Membrane
ciliary
membrane
short
glycocalyx
fringe
(a)
bb
(b)
Twiddles
the tip
Lashes, grabs
the substrate,
and pulls
External Structures
Locomotor appendages: Cilia
Found only on a single group of protozoa and certain
animal cells
Function in motility, feeding, and filtering
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(a)
Contractile vacuole
Micronucleus
(b)
Power stroke
Recovery stroke
External Structures
Glycocalyx
An outermost boundary that comes into direct
contact with environment
Usually composed of polysaccharides
A slime layer or a capsule
Functions in adherence, protection, and signal
reception
Beneath the glycocalyx
Internal Structures
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Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chromatin
Compact sphere,
most prominent
organelle of
eukaryotic cell
Nuclear envelope
composed of two
parallel membranes
separated by a
narrow space and is
perforated with pores
Contains
chromosomes
Nucleolus dark
area for rRNA
synthesis and
ribosome assembly
Nuclear Nuclear
pore
envelope
(a)
Nucleolus
(b)
Nucleolus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear envelope
10
Mitosis
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Centrioles
Chromatin
Cell membrane
Nuclear envelope
Prophase
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Daughter cells
Cleavage furrow
Telophase
Spindle fibers
Centromere
Chromosome
Chromosome
Early
metaphase
3
Early telophase
7
Metaphase
4
Late anaphase
Early anaphase
11
Internal Structures
Endoplasmic reticulum two types:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
rough due to ribosomes; proteins synthesized
and shunted into the ER for packaging and
transport; first step in secretory pathway
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Polyribosomes
Polyribosomes
Cisterna
(b)
Small subunit
(a)
mRNA
Ribosome
Large subunit
RER membrane
Protein being
synthesized
Cisterna
(c)
13
Internal Structures
Golgi apparatus
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Endoplasmic
reticulum
packages proteins
Consists of a stack of
Transport
vesicles
Cisternae
Condensing
vesicles
14
Internal Structures
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Transport Processes
Nucleolus
Ribosome
parts
Transitional vesicles
from the ER
containing proteins go
to the Golgi
apparatus for
modification and
maturation
Condensing vesicles
Nucleus
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Transitional
vesicles
Golgi
apparatus
Condensing
vesicles
transport proteins to
Secretion by exocytosis
Cell membrane
organelles or
Secretory vesicle
secretory proteins to
thenucleus
outside
RER Golgi vesicles secretion 15 15
Internal Structures
Lysosomes
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Vacuoles
Food
particle
Lysosomes
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Engulfment
of food
Food vacuole
Formation of food
vacuole
containing particles to be
digested, excreted, or stored
Phagosome
Lysosome
Merger of
lysosome
and vacuole
Phagosome
Digestion
Digestive vacuole
16
Internal Structures
Mitochondria
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Circular
DNA strand
Function in energy
production
Consist of an outer
membrane and an
inner membrane
with folds called
cristae
Cristae hold the
enzymes and
electron carriers of
aerobic respiration
Contain DNA and
prokaryotic
ribosomes
70S ribosomes
Matrix
Cristae
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
(a)
Cristae
(darker lines)
Matrix
(lighter spaces)
(b)
17
Internal Structures
Chloroplast
Convert the energy
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Chloroplast envelope
(double membrane)
of sunlight into
chemical energy
through
photosynthesis
Found in algae and
plant cells
Contains,
thylakoids, stacked Circular
DNA strand
into grana
Primary producers of
organic nutrients for
other organisms
70S ribosomes
Stroma matrix
Granum
Thylakoids
18
Internal Structures
Ribosomes
Composed of rRNA and proteins
Scattered in cytoplasm or associated with RER
Larger than prokaryotic ribosomes
Function in protein synthesis
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Small subunit
Ribosome
RER membrane
Protein being
synthesized
mRNA
Large subunit
Cisterna
19
Internal Structures
Cytoskeleton
Flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments and
microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm
Involved in movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid
movement, transport, and structural support
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Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Cell
membrane
Microtubule
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Microfilaments
(a)
(b)
20
21
Naegleria
as
a
on
ph
or
inm
Va
oon
Entamoeb
a
m
ho
ic
Tr
z
alito
Eukarya
ph
Ence
ma
arum noso
Phys
pa
Try
Euglena
Dicty
ostel
i um
Pa
ra
m
ec
Bab ium
esia
Gi
ar
di
a
)
us
in om
pr ro
Co ush
(m
Zea (corn)
Cryptomonas
Achlyaia
r
sta ra
Co phy
r
Po
(a)
Animals
Metazoa
Myxozoa
Choanoflagellates
Kingdom Animalia
True Fungi
(Eumycota)
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Chytridiomycota
(chytrids)
Kingdom Eumycota
Plants
Ho
m
o
Land plants
Green algae
Cryptomonads
Red algae
Stramenopiles
(formerly
heterokonts
or chrysophytes)
Alveolates
Entamoebae
Universal
Ancestor
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Protista
Division Chlorophyta
Division Rhodophyta
Golden-brown and
yellow-green alga
Xanthophytes
Brown algae
Diatoms
Water molds
(Oomycota)
Division Chrysophyta
Ciliates
Colponema
Dinoflagellates
Haplosporidia
Apicomplexans
Phylum Ciliophora
Entamoebids
Amoeboflagellates
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
Lack
mitochondria
(b)
Traditional Kingdoms
and Subcategories
Parabasilids (Trichomonas)
Diplomonads (Giardia)
Oxymonads
Microsporidia
Division Phaeophyta
Division Bacillariophyta
Division Pyrrophyta
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Division Euglenophyta
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
22
Survey of Eukaryotic
Microbes
Fungi
Algae
Protozoa
Parasitic worms
23
Kingdom Fungi
100,000 species divided into 2 groups:
Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballs, gill
fungi)
Microscopic fungi (molds, yeasts)
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24
George Barron, University of Guelph, CANADA
Microscopic Fungi
Exist in two morphologies:
Yeast round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction
Hyphae long filamentous fungi or molds
Septum
Janice Carr/CDC
Dr. Judy A. Murphy, San Joaquin Delta College, Department of Microscopy, Stocton, CA
25
Fungal Nutrition
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(a)
Extremely widespread
distribution in many
habitats
26
(b)
Fungal Organization
Yeast soft, uniform texture and appearance
Reproduce through an asexual process called budding
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Bud
Bud scar
Bud
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Bud scars
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Storage vacuole
(a)
Pseudohypha
27
(b)
Janice Carr/CDC
Fungal Organization
Filamentous fungi mass of hyphae called
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Septa
As in Penicillium
Septate hyphae
Nonseptate hyphae
Nuclei
28
As in Rhizopus
28
Fungal Reproduction
Primarily through spores formed on reproductive
hyphae
Surface
hyphae
Spores
Submerged
hyphae
Rhizoids
Spore
Germ tube
Substrate
Hypha
(c) Germination
(d)
29
(a) Sporangiospore
(b) Conidia
Arthrospores
Phialospores
Chlamydospores
Sporangium
Blastospores
Sterigma
Sporangiophore
Conidiophore
Columella
1
1
Sporangiospore
Macroconidia
Porospore
Microconidia
2
30
Diversity of Fungi
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Chytrid cells
Diatom cell
10.0 m
Gregory M. Filip
31
Roles of Fungi
Adverse impact
Mycoses, allergies, toxin production
Destruction of crops and food storages
Beneficial impact
Decomposers of dead plants and animals
Sources of antibiotics, alcohol, organic acids,
vitamins
Used in making foods and in genetic studies
32
33
The Protists
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Algae - eukaryotic
Protozoa - unicellular
eukaryotes that lack
tissues and share
similarities in cell
structure, nutrition, life
cycle, and biochemistry
Traditional Kingdoms
and Subcategories
Animals
Metazoa
Myxozoa
Choanoflagellates
Kingdom Animalia
True Fungi
(Eumycota)
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Chytridiomycota
(chytrids)
Kingdom Eumycota
Plants
EVOLUTIONARY ADVANCEMENT OF THE EUKARYOTES
organisms, usually
unicellular and colonial,
that photosynthesize
with chlorophyll a
Land plants
Green algae
Cryptomonads
Red algae
Stramenopiles
(formerly
heterokonts
or chrysophytes)
Alveolates
Entamoebae
Universal
Ancestor
Kingdom Protista
Division Chlorophyta
Division Rhodophyta
Golden-brown and
yellow-green alga
Xanthophytes
Brown algae
Diatoms
Water molds
(Oomycota)
Division Chrysophyta
Ciliates
Colponema
Dinoflagellates
Haplosporidia
Apicomplexans
Phylum Ciliophora
Entamoebids
Amoeboflagellates
Kinetoplastids
Euglenids
Lack
mitochondria
Kingdom Plantae
Parabasilids (Trichomonas)
Diplomonads (Giardia)
Oxymonads
Microsporidia
Division Phaeophyta
Division Bacillariophyta
Division Pyrrophyta
Phylum Apicomplexa
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
Division Euglenophyta
Phylum Sarcomastigophora
34
Algae
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Photosynthetic organisms
Microscopic forms are
Ribosomes
unicellular, colonial,
filamentous
Flagellum
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chloroplast
Golgi
apparatus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Starch vacuoles
Cell wall
(a)
Algal Cell
Cell wall
May or may not have
flagella
35
Jan Hinsch/Photo Researchers, Inc
(b)
Algae
Most are free-living in
Dinoflagellates can
Algae Classification
Classified according to types of pigments and cell wall
Used for cosmetics, food, and medical products
37
Protozoa
Most are harmless, free-living in a moist
habitat
38
Protozoa
Most have locomotor
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yin
Dr
Trophozoite
is reactivated.
k
ac
nt
rie
l
g,
t
nu
of
feeding stage
Trophozoite
(active, feeding stage)
nt
rie
st
oi
M
s
ed
or
st
re
t
nu
Mature cyst
(dormant, resting stage)
39
Protozoan Identification
Classification is difficult because of
diversity
40
Mastigophora
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Flagellum
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Pellicle
Nucleolus
Cell membrane
Golgi apparatus
Water vacuole
Centrioles
Cell membrane
Glycocalyx
(a)
Protozoan Cell
(b)
Janice Carr/CDC
41
Sarcodina
Food vacuoles
Nucleus
(a)
Pseudopods
Contractile
vacuoles
(b)
42
42
Ciliophora
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Food
vacuoles
Oral cilia
in groove
Macronucleus
Micronucleus
Gullet
Water
vacuole
(a)
(b)
43
43
Apicomplexa
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Cytostome
Cytostome
(mouth)
Food
vacuole
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Food vacuoles
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
(a)
(b)
ASM
Michael Riggs et al, Infection and Immunity, Vol. 62, #5, May 1994, p. 1931
44
44
Pathogenic Protozoa
45
Important Protozoan
Pathogens
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Pathogenic
flagellates
Trypanosomes
Trypanosoma
Reduviid
bug
Cycle in
Human
Dwellings
T. brucei African
sleeping sickness
T. cruzi Chagas
disease; South
America
(a) Infective
Trypanosome
(b) Mode of
infection
Cycle in
the Wild
46
Pathogens
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Cysts in
food, water
Infective amoebas
Entamoeba
histolytica amebic
dysentery; worldwide
(a)
Stomach
Trophozoites
released
Mature
trophozoites
(b)
(c)
Large
intestine
site of
infection
Small
intestine
Eaten
Mature cysts
Cysts exit
(d)
Food,
water
Feces
47
47
Parasitic Helminths
Multicellular animals, organs for
48
Cestodes (tapeworms)
Trematodes or flukes, are flattened,
Oral sucker
Esophagus
Ventral
sucker
Pharynx
Intestine
Cuticle
Uterus
Cuticle
Ovary
Testes
Scolex
(a)
Proglottid
Suckers
Immature eggs
Fertile eggs
Vas deferens
(b)
Seminal
receptacle
Excretory
bladder
50
Copulatory
spicule
Mouth
Female
Anus
Eggs
Male
Selfinfection
Cuticle Mouth
Fertile
egg
Crossinfection
Autoinoculation
52