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    Heat Transfer

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    Kavin Raj
    This document discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It defines heat transfer as the transfer of thermal energy between physical systems due to a temperature gradient. The three mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat exchangers are commonly used in chemical processes to heat and cool streams and improve efficiency. The key components of heat exchangers include the heat transfer equations, types of heat exchangers, configurations, temperature profiles, heat transfer coefficients, and material selection considerations like gasket material choice. Shell and plate heat exchangers are well-suited for gas sweetening applications.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Kavin Raj
    119 views24 pages
    This document discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It defines heat transfer as the transfer of thermal energy between physical systems due to a temperature gradient. The three mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat exchangers are commonly used in chemical processes to heat and cool streams and improve efficiency. The key components of heat exchangers include the heat transfer equations, types of heat exchangers, configurations, temperature profiles, heat transfer coefficients, and material selection considerations like gasket material choice. Shell and plate heat exchangers are well-suited for gas sweetening applications.

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    This document discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It defines heat transfer as the transfer of thermal energy between physical systems due to a temperature gradient. The three mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat exchangers are commonly used in chemical processes to heat and cool streams and improve efficiency. The key components of heat exchangers include the heat transfer equations, types of heat exchangers, configurations, temperature profiles, heat transfer coefficients, and material selection considerations like gasket material choice. Shell and plate heat exchangers are well-suited for gas sweetening applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    119 views24 pages

    Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Kavin Raj
    This document discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It defines heat transfer as the transfer of thermal energy between physical systems due to a temperature gradient. The three mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat exchangers are commonly used in chemical processes to heat and cool streams and improve efficiency. The key components of heat exchangers include the heat transfer equations, types of heat exchangers, configurations, temperature profiles, heat transfer coefficients, and material selection considerations like gasket material choice. Shell and plate heat exchangers are well-suited for gas sweetening applications.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    HEAT TRANSFER

    &
    HEAT EXCHANGERS
    CHBE 446 Group5
    Stephan Donfack
    Benjamin Harbor
    Nguyen Huynh
    Cyndi Mbaguim

    AGENDA
    Concept and Mechanism
    Heat Transfer Equations
    Design
    Material Selection
    Conclusion

    CONCEPT
    Definition

    Discipline of thermal engineering that involves the generation, use, conversion,


    and exchange of thermal energy and heat between physical systems.
    The driving force of heat transfer is as result of temperature gradient between
    two regions.

    During heat transfer, thermal energy always moves in the same direction:
    HOT

    COLD

    Mechanism for Heat Transfer


    Three types of energy transfer:
    - Conduction: Transfer of heat within a substance by
    molecular interaction.
    - Convection: During macroscopic flow, energy associated
    with fluid is carried to another region of space.
    - Radiation: Heat transferred through wave energy
    (electromagnetic waves)

    THERMAL
    BOUNDARY LAYER

    Region III: Solid


    Cold Liquid
    Convection

    Energy moves from hot fluid


    to a surface by convection,
    through the wall by
    conduction, and then by
    convection from the surface to
    the cold fluid.

    NEWTONS LAW OF
    CCOLING

    dqx hc .Tow Tc .dA


    Th

    Ti,wall

    Region I : Hot LiquidSolid Convection

    To,wall

    Q hot

    Tc
    Q cold

    NEWTONS LAW OF
    CCOLING

    dqx hh .Th Tiw .dA

    Region II : Conduction
    Across Copper Wall
    FOURIERS LAW

    dT
    dqx k.
    dr

    PROJECT FLOWSHEET

    HEAT EXCHANGERS in INDUSTRY


    Commonly used throughout the chemical process industries as a means of
    heating and cooling process in product streams.
    Common industry utilization:

    Space heating
    Refrigeration
    Air conditioning
    Power plants
    Petrochemical plants
    Petroleum refineries
    Natural gas processing
    Sewage treatment

    TYPES of HEAT EXCHANGERS


    Double-pipe
    Shell and tube
    Plate and frame
    Spiral
    Pipe coil

    CONFIGURATIONS IN HEAT EXCHANGERS


    Co-current flow

    Counter-current flow

    Double tube Single Pass Heat Exchanger

    TEMPERATURE PROFILE

    HEAT TRANSFER EQUATION IN HEAT


    EXCHANGERS

    Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD)

    Used to determine the temperature driving force for heat transfer in flow
    systems, most notably heat exchangers.

    CO-CURRENT CONFIGURATION

    COUNTER CURRENT CONFIGURATION

    Heat Duty (Q)


    Amount of heat needed to transfer from a hot side to the cold side over a
    unit time.
    Derived from energy balance.
    dE

    dt

    s e
    generated
    m
    .
    h
    m
    .
    h
    Q w

    in
    out
    in
    out

    ASSUMPTIONS

    Where:
    = flow rate
    Hfluid = Fluid enthalpy (temperature dependent)

    Steady State
    No phase changes
    Negligible heat loss
    Constant overall heat transfer

    Overall Heat Transfer Coef (U)


    The overall HT coefficient is used to analyze heat exchangers.

    It contains the effect of hot and cold side convection, conduction as


    well as fouling and fins.
    U
    Xw: wall thickness
    Km: thermal conductivity of wall
    hi, ho: individual convective heat transfer coef
    coefficients in & out of tube
    Di, Do: Inner & outer diameter

    DIMENSIONLESS ANALYSIS TO CHARACTERIZE H.E


    Nu f (Re, Pr, L / D, i / o )

    v.D.

    C p .
    k

    Nu a.Re b .Pr c

    h = convective H.T coef


    K = conductive H.T coef
    = dynamic viscosity
    = density
    Cp = heat capacity
    = mean velocity
    D & L = Length scale parameters

    ESTIMATED U

    Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient can


    be estimated for different fluids as well
    as the type of heat exchanger system
    involved (Shell & Tube).

    Frequently used sources:


    o Perrys Handbook
    o ChemE Design Textbook
    o Aspen Tech Software

    Area (Sizing)

    Sizing a Heat Exchanger Equipment (by area calculation):


    Costing (Base Cost Installation Cost)
    Approximating number of pipes needed in the heat
    exchanger
    Shell diameter and tubes pitch

    Performance

    HEAT EXCHANGERS IN GAS SWEETENING

    Simplified schematic of gas sweetening process

    HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN


    The main heat exchanger called rich/lean amine interchanger.
    It requires:
    Good heat recovery the thermal length of heat exchanger is a
    key feature.
    To minimize the fouling tendencies: high pressure drop (above
    70 kPa) to keep shear stress high (50Pa)

    GASKET MATERIAL SELECTION


    Normal ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM): used in amine
    systems due to its inherent resistance to H 2S and CO2.
    Disadvantage: suffers degradation from hydrocarbons or other fluids on
    an increasing severity based on the degree of the non-polar nature of
    the fluid

    Plate with EPDM gasket

    CONTd
    EPDM XH is a combination of EPDM and other rubber
    resins creating an extra hard EPDM rubber, developed for
    applications with hydrocarbon exposure.
    Other rubber materials: Aflas gaskets can be used for amine
    duties, but not longer lifetime and increase capital investment
    and replacement cost.

    SHELL & PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER


    Using a shell and plate heat exchanger as a reboiler allows a small
    temperature difference between the hot and cold sides-> prevent amine
    from overheated and degradation
    A shell and plate heat exchanger followed by a separator vessel is
    recommended for condenser.

    A typical shell and plate heat exchanger

    CONCLUSION
    Select the fit for purpose heat exchanger will improve the performance
    of the amine plant, reduce investment costs and overall costs of
    ownership.
    Selecting the right gasket plate will increase the efficiency while
    maintenance costs and intervals can be reduced.
    Shell and plate heat exchangers are more commonly used than shell
    and tube heat exchangers.

    REFERENCE
    Middleman, Stanley. An Introduction to Mass and Heat Transfer, Principles of Analysis and
    Design.Wiley, Dec 1997.
    McCabe, Smith, and Harriott. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering
    http://
    www.tranter.com/literature/markets/hydrocarbon-processing/Hydrocarbon-Eng-A-Sweet-Treat.
    pdf
    www.authorstream.com/Presentation/baher-174192-heat-exchangers-ent..

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