Lecture Note C01 - Chapter 3 5 - Load and Stress Analysis Failures Resulting From Static Loading

Mechanical Design
Chapter 3 Load & Stress

Analysis
&
Chapter 5 Failures
Resulting from Static
Loading
En. Wan Anuar bin Wan Hassan
Chapter 3 Load & Stress

Analysis
Normal Stress
(Eq. 3-22, page 88)
Bending Stress
(Eq. 3-26a, page 90)
b
h
c = h/2
c=r
Transverse Shear Stress

(Table 3.2, page 97)
Torsional Stress
(Eq. 3-37, page 101)
c
Circular Cross Section
or
Rectangular Cross
Section
Force, F causes twisting & bending of a 20 mm diameter shaft

fixed to a support at the origin of the reference system. In
actuality, the support may be an inertia that we wish to rotate,
but for the purposes of a stress analysis we can consider this a
static problem.
a) Calculate the value of all forces, moments and torques that act
on the shaft AB and the arm BC.
b) Calculate the maximum torsional stress and bending stress in
the arm BC and indicate where these act.
c) Calculate the torsional stress and bending stress at the top
surface of the shaft at A.
a) Shaft AB:
at B, F = 1.3 kN
M = 1.3 kN x 0.038 m = 49.4 N.m
T = 1.3 kN x 0.1 m = 130 N.m
at A, F = 1.3 kN
M = 1.3 kN x 0.163 m = 211.9 N.m
T = 1.3 kN x 0.1 m = 130 N.m
Arm BC:
at C, F = 1.3 kN
M = 1.3 kN x 0 m = 0 N.m
T = 1.3 kN x 0.038 m = 49.4 N.m
at B, F = 1.3 kN
M = 1.3 kN x 0.1 m = 130 N.m
T = 1.3 kN x 0.038 m = 49.4 N.m
b) In arm BC, Moment at C = 0 N.m while Moment at B =

130 N.m. Therefore, maximum bending stress occurs at B
in member BC.
= 130 N.m (0.015 m)

0.006 m (0.030 m)3
12
= 144.44 MPa
The maximum torsional stress occurs in the middle of the
30 mm side. (page 102, second paragraph, last
sentence.)
49.4 N.m x ( 3 +
0.030 m (0.006 m)2
= 153.69 MPa
1.8
0.030 m / 0.006 m
c)
In shaft AB at A, Moment = 211.9 N.m while Torque =

130 N.m. Maximum bending stress at the top at A,
= 211.9 N.m (0.010 m)
(0.010 m)4
4
= 269.80 MPa
Maximum torsional stress at the top A.
= 130 N.m (0.010 m)
(0.010 m)4
2
= 82.76 MPa
x / y / z = Bending Stress + Normal Stress

= Mc + F
I
xy / yz / zx = Torsional Stress + Transverse Stress

= Tr + Transverse Stress
J
Refer to Table 3.2, page 97
Principle Stress
(Eq. 3-13, page 81)
The bar is loaded by the forces F = 0.55 kN, P

= 8.0 kN and T = 30 N.m. Calculate the
stresses (x and xy) at point A and B.
Given F = 0.55 kN, therefore, M = 0.55kN x 0.1 m = 55

N.m.
P = 8000 N, V = 550 N, T = 30 N.m and M = 55 N.m.
For stresses at MC
A,
P 32 M 4 P
2
3
I
A d
d
32 55
4 8000
x
95.49 MPa
3
2
0.020 0.020
x b nor
xy
Tr 16T
16 30
3
19.10 MPa
3
J d
0.020
For stresses at B,
P 4P
2
A d
4 8000
x
25.46 MPa
2
0.020
x nor
xy
16T 4 V
16 30
4
550
3

21.43 MPa
3
d
3 A 0.020
3 0.020 2
4
Chapter 5 Failures
Resulting from Static
Loading
Ductile Materials (yield criteria)

Maximum
Shear Stress (MSS)

Distortion Energy (DE)
Ductile Coulomb- Mohr (DCM)
Brittle Materials (fracture criteria)
Maximum
Normal Stress (MNS)

Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM)
Modified Mohr (MM)
Failures Theories
Structural
metal behaviour is typically

ductile or brittle.
Ductile Material:
f 0.05;
Identifiable Yield Strength (Syt=Syc=Sy).
Brittle
Material:
f < 0.05
Do not exhibit an Identifiable Yield Strength;
Typically classified by ultimate tensile
strength, Sut and ultimate compressive
strength, Suc (in +ve value).
Selection of Failure
Criteria
18
Ductile Materials
Maximum Shear Stress (MSS)

Theory
The
principal stresses given by Eq. (3-13) are

assumed as A and B. Then they are ordered with the
zero principal stress according to the convention 123.
Assume
For
that AB.
design purposes,
(Eq. 5-3, page 220)
Distortion Energy (DE) Theory

Von
Mises Stress, .
(Eq. 5-12, page 223)
(Eq. 5-13, page 223)
(Eq. 5-14, page 223)

(Eq. 5-15, page 223)
(Eq. 5-19, page 223)
Ductile Coulomb-Mohr (DCM)

Theory
Not
all materials have compressive strengths

equal to their tensile strengths.
(Eq. 5-26, page 229)
St = Syt and Sc = Syc
Brittle Materials
Maximum Normal Stress (MSS)

Theory
(Eq. 5-30, page 235)
Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM)

Theory
(Eq. 5-31, page 236)
Modified Mohr (MM) Theory
(Eq. 5-32, page 236)
Introduction to Fracture
Mechanics
Crack Modes & Stress Intensity Factor
Three
distinct modes of crack

propagation exist.
Mode I: the opening crack
propagation mode,
Mode II: the sliding mode,
Mode III: the tearing mode.
Stress
Intensity Factor, KI
where is the Stress Intensity Modification

Factor
From Figures 5-25 to 5-30.
Critical
Stress Intensity Factor, KIc
also called as Fracture Toughness of the

material.
Figure
5.25: Off-center crack in a plate in

longitudinal tension.
Figure
5.26: Plate loaded in longitudinal

tension with a crack at the edge.
The
strength-to-stress ratio KIc / KI can be

used as a factor of safety as;

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Mechanical Design

Chapter 3 Load & Stress

Chapter 3 Load & Stress

Transverse Shear Stress

Circular Cross Section

Force, F causes twisting & bending of a 20 mm diameter shaft

b) In arm BC, Moment at C = 0 N.m while Moment at B =

= 130 N.m (0.015 m)

In shaft AB at A, Moment = 211.9 N.m while Torque =

= 211.9 N.m (0.010 m)

= 130 N.m (0.010 m)

x / y / z = Bending Stress + Normal Stress

xy / yz / zx = Torsional Stress + Transverse Stress

Refer to Table 3.2, page 97

(Eq. 3-13, page 81)

The bar is loaded by the forces F = 0.55 kN, P

Given F = 0.55 kN, therefore, M = 0.55kN x 0.1 m = 55

Ductile Materials (yield criteria)

Shear Stress (MSS)

Normal Stress (MNS)

metal behaviour is typically

Maximum Shear Stress (MSS)

principal stresses given by Eq. (3-13) are

Distortion Energy (DE) Theory

(Eq. 5-14, page 223)

Ductile Coulomb-Mohr (DCM)

all materials have compressive strengths

(Eq. 5-26, page 229)

St = Syt and Sc = Syc

Maximum Normal Stress (MSS)

(Eq. 5-30, page 235)

Brittle Coulomb-Mohr (BCM)

(Eq. 5-31, page 236)

Modified Mohr (MM) Theory

(Eq. 5-32, page 236)

distinct modes of crack

where is the Stress Intensity Modification

Stress Intensity Factor, KIc

also called as Fracture Toughness of the

5.25: Off-center crack in a plate in

5.26: Plate loaded in longitudinal

strength-to-stress ratio KIc / KI can be

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