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    Physiology of The Special Senses

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    Demuel Dee L. Berto
    This document provides an overview of the structures and functions of the five special senses: taste, smell, sight, hearing, and touch. It describes the receptors, pathways, and neural connections involved in each sense. The key points covered include the taste buds and their role in tasting, the olfactory epithelium in smelling, the structures of the eye like the retina and optic nerve in vision, the inner ear structures like the cochlea that are important for hearing, and the vestibular system involved in balance. The document also reviews topics like the visual pathway and auditory pathway that transmit sensory information to the brain.

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    Physiology of The Special Senses

    Uploaded by

    Demuel Dee L. Berto
    547 views31 pages
    This document provides an overview of the structures and functions of the five special senses: taste, smell, sight, hearing, and touch. It describes the receptors, pathways, and neural connections involved in each sense. The key points covered include the taste buds and their role in tasting, the olfactory epithelium in smelling, the structures of the eye like the retina and optic nerve in vision, the inner ear structures like the cochlea that are important for hearing, and the vestibular system involved in balance. The document also reviews topics like the visual pathway and auditory pathway that transmit sensory information to the brain.

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    Physiology of the Special Senses

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    This document provides an overview of the structures and functions of the five special senses: taste, smell, sight, hearing, and touch. It describes the receptors, pathways, and neural connections involved in each sense. The key points covered include the taste buds and their role in tasting, the olfactory epithelium in smelling, the structures of the eye like the retina and optic nerve in vision, the inner ear structures like the cochlea that are important for hearing, and the vestibular system involved in balance. The document also reviews topics like the visual pathway and auditory pathway that transmit sensory information to the brain.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    547 views31 pages

    Physiology of The Special Senses

    Uploaded by

    Demuel Dee L. Berto
    This document provides an overview of the structures and functions of the five special senses: taste, smell, sight, hearing, and touch. It describes the receptors, pathways, and neural connections involved in each sense. The key points covered include the taste buds and their role in tasting, the olfactory epithelium in smelling, the structures of the eye like the retina and optic nerve in vision, the inner ear structures like the cochlea that are important for hearing, and the vestibular system involved in balance. The document also reviews topics like the visual pathway and auditory pathway that transmit sensory information to the brain.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    Chapter 16:

    The Special Senses


    Chapter objectives:
    1.

    Describe the structures of


    the Special Senses

    2.

    Explain the pathways of


    sound in the ear and light in
    the eye

    3.

    Identify, describe, and


    discuss the receptors and
    neural pathways involved in
    each of the five special
    senses

    Chemical Senses

    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Taste
    Smell
    Sight
    Hearing
    Touch (Chapt 14)

    TheChemicalSenses:
    1.Taste

    Chemoreceptors in Taste Buds


    Mostly in papillae on the tongue

    Circumvallate, fungiform
    Each has groups of gustatory
    cells

    Sweet, Sour, Salt, Bitter, Umami


    CN VII and IX to medulla oblongata

    TheChemicalSenses:
    1.Taste

    TheChemicalSenses:
    2.Smell

    Olfactory Epithelium
    Receptors in pseudostratified
    epithelium in nasal conchae
    and septum
    Filaments from OE protrude
    through the Cribriform Plate
    CN I runs to the Olfactory
    Bulb, and to the olfactory
    cortex of the cerebrum

    Vision(EyeandAccessories)
    Factoids:
    Most dominant sense
    70% of the bodys receptors
    are in the eyes
    40% of cortex dedicated to
    visual processing
    Most metabolically active
    tissue
    Only site where CNS can be
    seen
    Medical careers:
    Optician
    Optometrist
    Ophthalmologist

    DissectedView

    Palpebrae=Eyelids

    Continuation of skin

    Eyelashes

    Tarsal Plate of Hyaline C.

    Tarsal (Meibomian) glands on inner


    margin of lid
    The oily portion of the tear film
    Swollen gland = chalazion

    Conjunctiva (= mucous membrane)

    Palpebral or Bulbar
    Over cornea very thin (5-7 cells thick)
    Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

    Chalazion

    LacrimalApparatus

    Lacrimal gland with several ducts - superior


    and lateral to eye
    Secretion contains water, lysozyme, Ab,
    mucus

    Lacrimal puncta (superior and inferior) holes next to the medial canthus to drain
    tears

    Nasolacrimal duct - empties to nasal cavity

    ExtrinsicEyeMuscles

    4 recti
    Lateral (CN XI),
    medial, superior,
    inferior

    2 oblique
    Superior (CN IV),
    inferior

    Innervation?
    III, IV, VI

    Eyeball

    Learn all of this chart!

    anterior
    cavity

    3 tunics:

    TheThreeLayers(tunics):
    1.

    Fibrous Tunic (tough outer


    layer)

    1.

    sclera - white part of fibrous


    tunic
    cornea - transparent anterior part

    2.
    1.

    3.

    2.

    Avascular: nutrition via diffusion


    pain receptors

    limbus - boundary between


    the above

    TheThreeLayers(tunics):
    1.

    Vascular Tunic (= Uvea)

    1.

    choroid

    1.

    2.
    3.

    2.

    4.
    5.
    1.

    heavily vascular
    posterior aspect

    iris with pupil inner


    sphincter and outer radial
    muscles
    ciliary body (ciliary m.)
    attached to
    Radial suspensory ligaments
    (ciliary zonule)
    regulates focus of lens

    TheThreeLayers(tunics):

    3) The Sensory Tunic

    AKA Nervous Tunic, retina

    Outer layer pigmented - inner layer


    photoreceptors 106
    a) rods - black/white vision, dim light
    b) cones - color vision, intense light
    Bipolar cells - synapse with rods and cones
    Ganglion cells - synapse with bipolar cells
    Ora serrata - anterior edge of retina
    Macula lutea fovea centralis - all cones, best
    vision
    Optic disc blind spot, where optic nerve exits
    eye
    Optic nerve (CN II)

    EyeFundus:clinicalsignificance?

    Age Related Macular Degeneration

    Retina

    Retina
    Photoreceptors
    Infolding membranes
    contain photopigments
    Rods
    Most numerous
    Non-acute vision
    Cones
    Concentrated in macula
    Color vision red, green
    blue
    Fig 16.10

    ChambersoftheEye

    Posterior Segment
    Vitreous Humor

    Anterior Segmentfilled with


    aqueous humor
    Anterior chamber = between iris
    and cornea
    Posterior Chamber =
    between lens and iris

    Posterior cavity with


    vitreous humor

    VisionTerminologyp494

    Emmetropia = Normal vision

    Hyperopia = Farsightedness

    Myopia = Nearsightedness

    Presbyopia = Poor close-up vision with aging

    Astigmatism = Abnormal shape of the


    surface of the lens and/or cornea

    Cataract = abnormal crystallization of the


    lens, common in diabetes, injury, heredity

    Amblyopia = Poor vision in a normal eye


    (CNS defect)

    VisualPathway
    Optic chiasma - optic nerves partially
    cross (right side of the field of each eye
    combining and going to the lateral
    geniculate on the right, those from the
    left to the left)
    To superior colliculus and thalamus
    and visual cortex in occipital lobe

    The Ear
    Hearing
    Balance (equilibrium)
    CN VIII

    1.
    2.
    3.

    External ear
    Middle ear
    Inner ear

    1. External Ear

    Auricle or Pinna
    Elastic Cartilage
    External ear canal
    Through the acoustic
    meatus
    Ceruminous glands
    In what bone??

    2. Middle Ear
    Tympanic membrane
    Tympanic
    Three Auditory Ossicles
    Three
    Incus, Malleus Stapes
    Incus,
    Transmit Vibrations to
    Transmit
    Inner Ear
    Eustachian Tube = Auditory
    Eustachian
    Tube = Pharyngotympanic
    Tube

    Otitis media

    3. Inner Ear

    Structureofcochlea:
    2.5turnsofducts

    Organ of Corti
    Basilar membrane on which sit hair cells with stereocilia
    Tectorial membrane above the hair cells
    Sound causes hair cells to bounce and touch tectorial membrane causing
    transduction

    VestibularComplex
    Vestibule
    Each has a
    Saccule
    macula with
    receptors
    Utricle
    Static equilibrium
    Three semicircular canals
    with ampullae (mutually
    perpendicular)
    Linear acceleration

    TwoReceptorOrgansofvestibule
    Two Maculae
    or: macula of saccule
    plus macula of utricle
    Vertical and horizontal
    orientation
    Contain otoliths that
    move according to gravity
    Hair cells conduct
    impulse to CN VIII

    SemicircularCanals

    Oriented perpendicular
    Anterior
    Posterior
    Lateral
    Each has an ampulla
    Crista ampullaris
    bends

    AuditoryPathway
    Cochlear branch of CN VIII

    To cochlear
    nucleus of
    medulla
    To inferior colliculus of
    opposite side of midbrain
    To thalamus
    To auditory cortex

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