Chp3-Microwave Network Analysiswithexamples - Part1
Chp3-Microwave Network Analysiswithexamples - Part1
Chp3-Microwave Network Analysiswithexamples - Part1
MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS
CHAPTER 3:
MICROWAVE NETWORK ANALYSIS
(PART 1)
NETWORK ANALYSIS
Many times we are only interested in the voltage (V) and current
(I) relationship at the terminals/ports of a complex circuit.
If mathematical relations can be derived for V and I, the circuit
can be considered as a black box.
For a linear circuit, the I-V relationship is linear and can be written
in the form of matrix equations.
A simple example of linear 2-port circuit is shown below. Each
port is associated with 2 parameters, the V and I.
I1
I2
+
Port 1
V1
V2 Port 2
-
NETWORK ANALYSIS
For this 2 port circuit we can easily derive the I-V relations.
I1
I1 1 V1 V2
R
I1 I 2 jCV2
V1
I 2 1 V1 1 jC V2
R
jCV2
V2
Network parameters
(Y-parameters)
I 1
1
I y
2 R R jC V2
2 21
I1
Port 1
I2
I1
V1
I1
I2
C
y12 V1
y22 V2
V2 Port 2
V1
I2
2 - Ports
V2
NETWORK ANALYSIS
2
1
I y
V
y
22 2
2 21
I2
I
y21
or
I Y V
V1 V 0
2
y22 2
V 2 V 0
1
I2
2 - Ports
V2 = 0
Short circuit
NETWORK ANALYSIS
V1
I2
V2
2 - Ports
V1 z11
V z
2 21
z12
z 22
I1
I
2
V1 h11 h12
I h
2 21 h22
I1
V
2
I2
V2
ABCD MATRIX
V1 A B V2
I C D I
2
1
V1 AV2 BI 2
I1
I2
(4.1a)
V1
2 -Ports
I1 CV2 DI 2
V1
I1
V1
B
C
A
D
I 2 V 0
V2 I 0
V2 I 0
2
2
2
Open circuit Port 2
I1
I 2 V 0
2
(4.1b)
V2
ABCD MATRIX
I2
I1
V1
A1 B1
C D
1
1
I2
V2
I3
A2
C
2
B2
D2
V3
V1 A1 B1 A2 B2
I C D C
D
1 2
2
1 1
V1 A3 B3 V3
I
C
D
I
3 3
1 3
Overall ABCD matrix
V3
I
3
As
Asoppose
opposeto
toVVand
andI,I,S-parameters
S-parametersrelate
relatethe
thereflected
reflectedand
andincident
incident
voltage
voltagewaves.
waves.
S-parameters
S-parametershave
havethe
thefollowing
followingadvantages:
advantages:
1.
1.Relates
Relatesto
tofamiliar
familiarmeasurement
measurementsuch
suchas
asreflection
reflectioncoefficient,
coefficient,
gain,
gain,loss
lossetc.
etc.
2.
2.Can
Cancascade
cascadeS-parameters
S-parametersof
ofmultiple
multipledevices
devicesto
topredict
predictsystem
system
performance
performance(similar
(similarto
toABCD
ABCDparameters).
parameters).
3.
3.Can
Cancompute
computeZ,
Z,YYor
orHHparameters
parametersfrom
fromS-parameters
S-parametersififneeded.
needed.
Reference plane
for local z-axis
(z = 0)
Port 1
Zc1
Port n
Zcn
Port 2
Zc2
T-line or
waveguide
Linear
n - port
network
V z V2 e jz V2 e jz
V 0 V2 V2 V2
V1+ V1-
I z I 2 e jz I 2 e jz
Port 2
Port 1
z=0
Linear
n - port
Network
Port 1
V1
I1
+z
+
V1-
Port
V1 n
I 0 I 2 I 2 I 2
V1+
V1 V1 V1
I1 I1 I1
1 V1 V1
Z
c1
The port voltage and current can be normalized with respect to the impedance
connected to it.
It is customary to define normalized voltage waves at each port as:
Normalized
incident waves
ai
Vi
(4.3a)
Z ci
i = 1, 2, 3 n
ai I i Z ci
bi
Vi
Z ci
bi I i Z ci
Normalized
reflected waves
(4.3b)
Thus in general:
V1+ V1-
Port 1
Vn+
Vn- Port n
Zc1
Port 2
V2+
V2-
Zc2
T-line or
waveguide
Linear
n - port
Network
Zcn
VVi++and
VVi- -are
propagating
and
i
i are propagating
voltage
voltagewaves,
waves,which
whichcan
can
be
bethe
theactual
actualvoltage
voltagefor
forTEM
TEM
modes
modesor
orthe
theequivalent
equivalent
voltages
voltagesfor
fornon-TEM
non-TEMmodes.
modes.
(for
(fornon-TEM,
non-TEM,VVisisdefined
defined
proportional
proportionalto
totransverse
transverseEE
field
fieldwhile
whileI Iisisdefined
definedproporproportional
tionalto
totransverse
transverseHHfield,
field,see
see
[1]
[1]for
fordetails).
details).
If the n port network is linear (make sure you know what this means!), there is a linear relationship between the
normalized waves.
For instance if we energize port 2:
V1 -
Port 1
V sV
V sV
Zc1
Vn -
Port n
12
Port 2
V2+
V
Zc2
Linear
n - port
Network
22
Zcn
s V
n2
Constant that
depends on the
network construction
Considering that we can send energy into all ports, this can be
generalized to: V s V s V s V s V
11
12
13
1n
V s V s V s V s V
21
22
23
2n
V s V s V s V s V
n1
n2
n3
nn
(4.4a)
V
:
V SV
or
21
s
s
11
n1
s
s
:
...
...
...
12
22
n2
V
V
:
s V
s
s
:
1n
2n
nn
(4.4b)
V1
V2
S11
S
21
.
.
.
.
S N 1
S12 . . . S1N
. . . .
.
. . . .
.
. . . .
.
. . . .
.
. . . . S NN
V1
V2
.
[4.1a]
.
.
V S V
[4.1b]
Vi
S ij
Vj
[4.2]
Vk 0 , for k j
Sij is found by driving port j with an incident wave Vj+, and measuring
the reflected wave amplitude, Vi-, coming out of port i.
The incident waves on all ports except j-th port are set to zero (which
means that all ports should be terminated in matched load to avoid
reflections).
Thus, Sii is the reflection coefficient seen looking into port i when all
other ports are terminated in matched loads, and Sij is the transmission
coefficient from port j to port i when all other ports are terminated in
matched loads.
V s
V s
11
21
V
s
V
11
s
s
12
22
21
V2 0
(4.5a)
V
s
V
V
s
V
22
V2 0
V
s
V
(4.5b)
12
V1 0
V1 0
V1+
V2-
Zc1
Zc1
2 Port
V1-
V
s
V
Zc1
Zc2
V
s
V
11
V1
Zc2
21
V2 0
V2 0
V2+
Zc2
2 Port
Zc1
V
s
V
22
V
s
V
12
V1 0
V1 0
Zc2
Vs
[ s ] {[ s ] }
*
[s] [ s]
(4.6a)
It is also purely imaginary for lossless network (no real power can
be delivered to the network)
[ s ] {[ s ] }
*
(4.6b)
a b
S
c d
Transpose of [S],
written as [S]t
a c
S t
b d
a
S
a
11
12
a
21
22
S S 1
For i = j
S S 0
For i j
ki
ki
(4.7)
k 1
N
ki
kj
k 1
Used to determine
reciprocality for a 2 port
network
OR
| S || S | 1
11
21
V
S
V
ij
Vk 0 fork j
V
S
V
11
V2 0
Z Z
Z Z
(1)
(1)
in
V2 0
Z0
(1)
in
On port 2
(1)
in
141.8(8.56 50)
8.56
50
141.8 (8.56 50)
port 2:
V2
S
21
V2 0
From the fact that S11 = S22 = 0, we know that V1- = 0 when
port 2 is terminated in Z0 = 50 , and that V2+ = 0. In this
case we have V1+ = V1 and V2- = V2.
41.44
V V V
41.44 8.56
50
0.7071V
50 8.56
0.15 0
S
0.85 45
0.85 45
a)
b)
c)
0.2 0
11
21
Used to determine
reciprocality for a 2 port
network
| S || S | 1
11
21
Q: If port two is terminated with a short circuit, what is the return loss
seen at port 1?
When port 2 is terminated with a short circuit, the reflection coefficient
seen at port 1 can be found as follow
From the definition of the scattering matrix and the fact that V 2+ = - V2(for a short circuit at port 2), we can write:
V s V s V s V s V
11
12
11
12
V s V s V s V s V
21
22
21
22
S
V
V
1 S
21
22
Dividing the first equation by V1+ and using the above result gives the
reflection coefficient seen as port 1 as;
V
V
S S
S S
S
V
V
1 S
1
11
12
12
21
11
22
(0.85 45 )(0.8545 )
0.15
0.452
1 0.2
0