Oscillators
Oscillators
Oscillators
Application of Oscillators
Oscillators are used to generate
signals, e.g.
Used as a local oscillator to transform
the RF signals to IF signals in a
receiver;
Used to generate RF carrier in a
transmitter
Used as sweep circuits in TV sets and
CRO.
Use as Clock signal ; timing reference
signal in Microprocessors & Digital
Linear Oscillators
1.
2.
3.
4.
Integrant of Linear
Oscillators
Vo AV A(Vs V f )
and
V f Vo
Vo
A
Vs 1 A
| A | 1
(Barkhausen Criterion)
A 0
1
1
and X C 2
X C1
C1
C 2
Z1 R1 jX C1
1
1
Z2
jX
C2
2
jR2 X C 2
R2 jX C 2
Vo
( jR2 X C 2 / R2 jX C 2 )
Z2
Vi Z1 Z 2 ( R1 jX C1 ) ( jR2 X C 2 / R2 jX C 2 )
jR2 X C 2
( R1 jX C1 )( R2 jX C 2 ) jR2 X C 2
7
R1 X C 2 R2 X C1 R2 X C 2 j ( R1 R2 X C1 X C 2 )
R1 R2 X C1 X C 2 0
1 / R1 R2C1C2
0.28
3RX C j ( R 2 X C2 )
= 1/3
=1/3
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.3
0.2
Supposing,
XC2=XC, RX
0.32
0.5
Phase
or
1 1
R1 R2
C1 C2
Feedback factor
f(R=Xc)
Phase=0
-0.5
-1
Frequency
RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
Inverting Amplifier
I 2 (2 R jX C ) I 3 R
I2R
V1
I 3 (2 R jX C )
I3
Or
R jX C
R
R
2 R jX C
V1
0
R jX C
R
0
R
2 R jX C
R
C
I1
C
R
I2
C
R
I3
Vo
R
0
R
2 R jX C
V1 R 2
I3
( R jX C )[( 2 R jX C ) 2 R 2 ] R 2 (2 R jX C )
10
V1 R 3
Vo I 3 R
( R jX C )[( 2 R jX C ) 2 R 2 ] R 2 (2 R jX C )
Hence the transfer function of the phase-shift network is given by,
Vo
R3
3
V1 ( R 5RX C2 ) j ( X C3 6 R 2 X C )
For 180o phase shift, the imaginary part = 0, i.e.,
X C3 6 R 2 X C 0 or X C 0 (Rejected)
X C2 6 R 2
1
6 RC
and,
1
29
11
LC Oscillators
The frequency selection
network (consisting of
Z1, Z2 and Z3) provides
a phase shift of 180o
The amplifier provides an
additional shift of 180o
Two well-known
Oscillators:
Colpitts
Oscillator
.
Harley
Oscillator
.
12
Z1
V f Vo
Vo
Z1 Z 3
Z p Z 2 || ( Z1 Z 3 )
Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
Z1 Z 2 Z 3
13
AvVi
Vo
Vo Av Z p
or
Ro Z p Z p
Vi Ro Z p
Vo
Av Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
A
Vi Ro ( Z1 Z 2 Z 3 ) Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
olpitts oscillator
Q = R1
C
L
1
f =
r
2 LC
Hartley Oscillato
circuits
Crystal Oscillator
where
K is a constant that depends on the
cut and other factors,
t
is the thickness of crystal, f is
inversely proportional to thickness t.
AC Equivalent Circuit
1
fs =
2 LCs
Cloop
CmCs
=
Cm+Cs
1
fp =
2 L C
loop
Frequency Stability
The frequency stability of an oscillator is
defined as
1 d
o dT o
ppm/ o C
Amplitude Stability
In order to start the oscillation, the
loop gain is usually slightly greater
than unity.
LC oscillators in general do not
require amplitude stabilization
circuits because of the selectivity
of the LC circuits.
In RC oscillators, some non-linear
devices, e.g. NTC/PTC resistors,
FET or zener diodes can be used to
stabilized the amplitude
69
END
Av Z1Z 2
Ro ( Z1 Z 2 Z 3 ) Z 2 ( Z1 Z 3 )
Z1 jX1 , Z 2 jX 2 and Z 3 jX 3
The loop gain becomes,
Av X 1 X 2
A
jRo ( X 1 X 2 X 3 ) X 2 ( X 1 X 3 )
opposite type
X1 X 3
X2
A 1
X2
Av
X1
L1
C
C2
L2
1
o
( L1 L2 )C
L1
gm
RL2
C1
1
o
LCT
C2
gm
RC1
C1C2
CT
C1 C2
Colpitts Oscillator
R
Equivalent circuit
C1
C2
L
C2
+
V
gmV
C1
Ref:06103104HKN
EE3110 Oscillator
73
At node 1,
V1 V i1 ( jL)
where,
C2
i1 jC2V
V1 V (1 LC2 )
2
+
V
I1
L
I2
gmV
node 1
I3
R
I4
V
C1
V1
jC2V g mV jC1V1 0
R
1
jC2V g mV V (1 2 LC2 )
jC1 0
R
1 2 LC2
g m
j (C1 C2 ) 3 LC1C2 0
R
R
Ref:06103104HKN
EE3110 Oscillator
74
1 2 LC2
g m
j (C1 C2 ) 3 LC1C2 0
R
R
1
LCT
C1C2
CT
C1 C2
C2
gm
RC1
Ref:06103104HKN
EE3110 Oscillator
75