Final CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS)
Final CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS)
Final CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS)
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
BIRLA
VISHVAKARMA
MAHAVIDHYALAYA
GUJARAT
TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
PREPARED BY:
KAUSHAL PATEL
M.TECH. ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
ID NO: 15EN815
ENROLMENT NO:
150080717011
B.V.M ENGINEERING COLLEGE
GUIDED BY:
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
BVM ENGINEERING COLLEGE
V.V.NAGAR
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Contents
Review I
The Need for CO2 Capture and Storage
Largest CO2 Emitters
Addressing the Challenge
Inside CCS
CO2 Capture
Contents
Review - II
CO2 Transport
CO2 Storage
Risk of Leakage
Current Projects
Advantages and Disadvantage
Carbon Capture: Environmental Impacts
Capture
billion people
Today
Fossil fuels
(coal, gas and oil)
represent 80%
of the global energy mix
Renewables
only account for 13%
of our total energy supply
81.1%
By 2030
Renewables
could make up 30%
of the global energy mix*
Estimated share of
renewables by 2030
30%
Global
Warming
which in turn, produces climate change
CO2 Capture
There are 3 technologies to capture CO2 :
Pre-combustion:
Oxy-fuel:
Post-combustion:
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Pre-combustion
In Pre-combustion, the aim
is to remove the carbon
from coal fuelbeforeit's
burned. The coal is reacted
with oxygen to makesyngas
(synthesis gas), a mixture
of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen gases.
The
hydrogen
can
be
removed and either burned
directly
as
fuel
or
compressed and stored for
use infuel-cellcars.Wateris
added
to
the
carbon
monoxide to make carbon
dioxide (which is stored) and
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Post-combustion
In
post
combustion,
we're trying to remove
carbon dioxide from a
power
station's
outputaftera fuel has
been burned.
That means waste gases
have to be captured and
scrubbed clean of their
CO2before they travel
up smokestacks.
The scrubbing is done by
passing
the
gases
through ammonia, which
is then blasted clean
with steam, releasing
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Oxy-fuel
Power plants don't produce
pure CO2: because there's
often not enough oxygen
for complete combustion
they
produce
other
pollutant gases as well.
One way to purify the
exhaust is to blow extra
oxygen into the furnace so
the fuel burns completely
producing relatively pure
steam and CO2.
Once the steam is removed
(by cooling and condensing
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CO2Transport
Pipelines are the most common method for
transporting CO2
Predominately to oil and gas fields, where it is used
for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Predominately to oil and gas fields, where it is used
for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
Rail cars and trucks can also transport CO2, but this
mode would probably be uneconomical for largescale CCS operations.
Costs for pipeline transport vary, depending on
construction, operation and maintenance
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Co2 Storage
Geological Storage:The subsurface of the earth Largest carbon
reservoirs where the vast majority of worlds
carbon held in coal ,oil, gas organic rich shells,
and carbonate rock.
There is two types of storage:
Underground Storage
Ocean storage
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Underground Storage
We use a natural mechanism that has trapped CO2,
gas and oil for millions of years
Liquid CO2 is pumped deep underground into two
types of reservoirs:
deep saline aquifers (700m-3,000m)
depleted gas and oil fields (up to 5,000m)
Both types of reservoirs have a layer of porous rock to
absorb the CO2 and an impermeable layer of cap rock
to seal the porous layer
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Cap rock
700m - 3,000m
Cap rock
up to 5,000m
mechanisms
Residual trapping
Ocean Storage
Two main concepts exist
The dissolution type injects CO2 by ship or pipeline
into the water column at depths of 1000 m or more,
and the CO2 subsequently dissolves.
The lake type deposits CO2 directly onto the sea
floor at depths greater than 3000 m, where CO2 is
denser than water and is expected to form a lake
that would delay dissolution of CO2 into the
environment.
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Risk of Leakage
The risks due to leakage from storage of CO2
geological reservoirs fall into two broad categories:
in
(2008)
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injection/storage
Storage in saline
annually)
20,000,000 t CO2
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17,000,000 t CO2
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injection/storage
Storage in saline
formation
injecting 26 million
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capacity of 700,000
tones of CO2 per year
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Advantages
CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant
could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by
80-90 % compared to a plant without CCS.
the solvents used to capture CO2 from the flue gases
will remove some nitrogen oxides and sulphur
oxides.
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Disadvantages
Increase significantly the emissions of acid gas
pollutants.
Capturing and compressing C02 requires much
energy and would increase the fuel needs of a coalfired plant with CCS by 25-40%.
These and other system costs are estimated to
increase the cost of energy from a new power plant
with CCS by 21-90 %.
Water consumption, however, may be an issue for
carbon capture systems which rely on solvents to
remove CO2 from flue gases.
This increase in water consumption may make these
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systems less suited to dry regions.
Carbon
Capture:
Environmental Impacts
In ocean storage carbon dioxide reacts with water to form
acid, so the oceans could become significantly more acidic .
Another difficulty is that the CO2would also eventually return
to the atmosphere.
In addition to the global climate change impact of CO 2
returning to the atmosphere, leakages pose local risks to
health and ecosystems.
For storage sites under water, there are concerns about
chronic exposure of marine ecosystems to raised CO 2 levels,
such as might occur near injection sites.
For CO2 storage sites on land, there are concerns that large
scale leakage could harm people and wildlife in the
immediate vicinity.
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A Solution to Climate
Change
Alongside more renewables and greater energy
efficiency, CO2 Capture and Storage will help us
get
to the sustainable energy systems of the future
References
Department of Trade and Industry (UK), Gasification of Solid and
Liquid Fuels
for Power Generation, report TSR 008, Dec. 1998
Department of Trade and Industry (UK), Supercritical Steam
Cycles for Power
Generation Applications, report TSR 009, Jan. 1999
Durie R, Paulson C, Smith A and Williams D, Proceedings of the
5thInternational
Conference
on
Greenhouse
Gas
Control
Technologies,
CSIRO(Australia)
publications, 2000
Eliasson B, Riemer P W F and Wokaun A (editors), Greenhouse
Gas Control
Technologies, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference,
Elsevier Science
Ltd., Oxford 1999
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www.zeroemissionplatform.eu
www.Greenfacts.org
www.ieagreen.org.uk
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