Chapter 4 Control Volume Part 2
Chapter 4 Control Volume Part 2
Chapter 4 Control Volume Part 2
MOMENTUM EQUATION
Moment of resultant
forces acting on each
particle of fluid
D
VV F particle
Dt
V particle velocity measured in an inertial reference
system
D
VV r F particle
r
Dt
Dt
r V V
Dr
V
Dt
Dt
VV r
V V 0
Dt
Dr
VV 0
Dt
DVV D
r V V
r
Dt
Dt
D
r V V r F particle
Dt
Above equation is valid for every particle of a system. For a
system (collection of fluid particles), we need2to use the sum
of both side
sys
D
r V V
Dt
r F sys
r F particle r F sys
where
D
Dt
r V V
sys
D
Dt
sys
D
r V V
Dt
r V V r F sys
sys
r F sys r F cv
D
Dt
sys
r V dV
t
r V dV
cv
dA
V
.
n
cs
Net
rate
of
Time
rate
of
Time
rate
of
flow
of
the
of + moment
change of moment = change
of
moment
of
of momentum of
momentum
momentum
of
the system
through
the
the contents of
control surface
For a fixed and non-deforming
control
CV
volume
dA r F contents of
d
V
V
.
n
cv
the
control volume
cs
d
V
cv
dA r F contents of
V
.
n
cs
the
control volume
90o
r V = r V sin(-90o) = - r
V
V
90o
90o
r
90o
r V = - r V
V
In both the cases, the right hand rule application makes the
thumb point into the paper plane
8
r V V .n dA
cs
r V V .n dA
V .n dA
Flow into the control volume is
negative
Flow out of the control volume is
positive
r2V 2 m out zero m in
cs
r V 0
r V V .n dA r V m
2 2
out
cs
of the Tshaft
r F contents
control volume
r2V 2 m Tshaft
Tshaft - being a negative quantity means that the shaft torque
opposes the rotation of the sprinkler arms
Tshaft, - shaft torque opposes rotation in all turbine devices
W shaft U 2V 2 m
Negative shaft work is work out of the control volume
work is done by the fluid on the rotor and thus its shaft
10
i.e.,
in U in V in m
out U out V out
W shaft Tshaft m
W shaft
W shaft
m in m out m
CONSERVATION11OF MASS
Direction of rotation
90o
r
r V = r V sin(-90o) = - r
V
V
90o
r
o
r V = r V sin(-90o) = + r 90
V
V
12
13
DBsys
Dt
bdV bW ndA
t cv
cs
DM sys
Dt
dV W ndA
t cv
cs
W ndA
cs
W ndA
m in AW 2 0
cs
m in Q in
W2
A
A
60 10 3
16.7 m / s
6
60 2 30 10
W2 16.7m / s
14
V2 V 2 W2 U 2
V 2 16.7 10.5
V 2 6.2 m / s
Tshaft r2V 2 m
m
U 2 r2
2N
2 500
0.2 10.5 m / s
r2
60
60
3
10
m Q in 1000 60
1.0 kg / s
60
Tshaft r2V 2 m
Tshaft r2 m W2 U 2
0 r2 m W2 U 2
W2 U 2
16.7
16.7 r2 0.2
83.5 rad / s
0.2
2N
Dt
= energy addition
by heat transfer
into the system
+ energy addition
by work transfer
into the system
e dV Q net in W net in
system
sys
eu
gz
D
Dt
dV
d
V
n
dA
W
net
in
net in
sys
cs
t cv
Time rate of
increase of the
total stored
energy of the
system
cv
W net in
W in
W out
When the control surface cuts through the shaft material, the
shaft torque is exerted by shaft material at the control
surface
W shaft Tshaft
18
Normal stress = - p
Power transferred due to fluid normal
stresses
W normal V .n dA p V .n dA
st ress
cs
cs
19
cv
Steady flow
e dV
t
cv
in
cs
cs
net in
pV .n dA
cs
V2
eu
gz
2
p V2
u
gz V ndA Q net W shaft
2
in
net in
2
2
2
p
V
p
V
p
V
u
gz V ndA
u
gz m
u
gz m
flow
flow
cs
out
in
p
V
p
V
p
V
u
gz V ndA u
gz
m out u
gz m in
2
2
2
in
cs
out
20
Vout
Vin2
p
p
uout uin
g z out z in Q net W net
2
out in
in
in
Vout
Vin2
hout hin
g z out z in Q net W net
2
in
in
p
p
Vout
Vin2
uout uin
g zout z in Q net
2
out in
in
21
m h2 h1
V22
V12
2
g z 2 z1
Adiabatic
Q netflow
W net
in 22
in
W net
w shaft
net in
in
V22 V12
h2 h1
2
V
p
p
out
in
m uout uin
g zout z in Q net
2
out in
in
INCOMPRESSIBLE
FLOW
2
2
p
p
V
V
out
in
out
in
m uout uin
g zout z in Q net
2
in
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
gzout
2
in
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
gzout
gz in
Heat transfer
per unit mass
Q
q net
in
net
in
Bernoullis equation
V2
gz
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
gzout
gzin loss
25
2
in
in
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
gzout
2
net in
in
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
gzout
2
net in
Pump when the shaft work is into the control volume large
amount of loss will result in more shaft work being required
for the same rise in available energy
Turbine when the shaft work is out of the control volume
larger loss will result in less shaft work out for
the same drop
26
in available energy
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
zout
gzin
g
2g
g
2g
W shaft
W shaft
Loss
m g
net in
m g
2
p
Vout
Vin2
out
in
z out
gz in
g
2
g
g
2
g
net in
m g
PUMP
Loss
m g
out
in
z out
gz in
g
2
g
g
2
g
W shaft
2
Vout
Vin2
net in
W shaft
net in
m g
W shaft
net in
m g
m g
27
Loss
m g
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
zout
gzin
g
2g
g
2g
W shaft
net in
m g
Loss
m g
W shaft
net OUT
m g
2
2
p
in
out
2g
2g
g
TURBINE
Loss
m g
W shaft
W shaft
net OUT
m g
2
pin Vin2
pout
Vout
gz in
zout
2g
2g
g
net OUT
m g
W shaft
net OUT
m g
28
LOSS
m g
D1 =
90
mm
P1 = 1.24
bar
Q = 1135
lpm
P2 = 4.0
bar
280 J/kg
29
D2 = 25
mm
D1 =
90
mm
Q = 1135
lpm
P2 = 4.0
bar
P1 = 1.24
bar
280 J/kg
out
in
z out
gz in
g
2
g
g
2
g
W shaft
2
Vout
Vin2
net in
m g
W shaft
net in
m g
W shaft
net in
30
m g
Loss
m g
3
3
1135
10
m
3
Q 1135 lpm
18.92 10
60
s
Q
Q
18.92 10 3
m
V1
2.974
2
A1 2
s
D1
90 10 3
4
4
Q
Q
18.92 10 3
m
V2
38.54
2
A2 2
s
D2
25 10 3
4
4
W shaft
38.54
2.974
4 10
1.24 10
280
net in
zout
z in
1000 9.81
2 9.81
1000 9.81
2 9.81
m g
m g
5
W shaft
net in
m g
280
m g
31
103.4
W shaft 280
net in
m g
W shaft 19461.25 W
net in
1 HP 745.7 W
W shaft 26.1 HP
net in
32
33
2
2
p
V
V
2
2
1
1
w shaft loss
gz 2
gz1
2
2
net in
Atmospheric pressure
2
2
p
V
V
2
2
1
1
w shaft loss
gz 2
gz1
2
2
net in
zero
V22 12 2
w shaft loss
72 N .m / kg
2
2
net in
w shaft loss
net in
w shaft
net in
w shaft loss
net in
w shaft loss
72
0.4 1000
net in
W shaft net in
W shaft net in
m
AV
72
0.752
95.8
0.6 2
1.225
12
4
34
2
pout
Vout
pin Vin2
gzout
2
net in
2
Vout
Vin2
pout
g zout pin
g zin w shaft loss
2
2
net in
zout
zin hs hL
hs
2g
w shaft net in
g
W shaft
net in
2g
Loss
hL
g
m g
Turbine head; hT = - (hs+ hL)T;
Actual head drop across the turbine = work head out of the
turbine + head loss in the turbine
Pump; hP = (hs- hL)P;
Actual head rise across the pump = shaft work
35 head into the
pump head loss within the pump