Microelectronic Capsule
Microelectronic Capsule
Microelectronic Capsule
Electronic
Capsule
Introduction
A Microelectronic pill is a basically a multichannel sensor used for
remote biomedical measurements using micro technology.
This has been developed for the internal study and detection of diseases
and abnormalities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where restricted
access prevents the use of traditional endoscope.
The measurement parameters for detection include real time remote
recording of temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in the GI
tract.
PARTS
PARTS
CONTROL
CONTROL CHIP
CHIP
SILICON
SILICON DIODE
DIODE
BIOCOMPATIBLE
BIOCOMPATIBLE
CAPSULE
CAPSULE
ENCASING
ENCASING
MICROSENSOR
MICROSENSOR
ION-SELECTIVE
ION-SELECTIVE
FIELD
FIELD EFFECT
EFFECT
TRANSISTOR
TRANSISTOR
(ISFET)
(ISFET)
RADIO
RADIO
TRANSMITTER
TRANSMITTER
DIRECT
DIRECT
CONTACT
CONTACT GOLD
GOLD
ELECTRODE
ELECTRODE
2
2 SILVER
SILVER OXIDE
OXIDE
CELLS
CELLS
3
3 ELECTRODE
ELECTRODE
ELECTROCHEMICAL
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL
CELL
Silicon Diode
Pancreatic disease
Hypertension
Reflux of oesophagus
organs.
The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen
in solution.
It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Tract
It investigates :
Growth of aerobic or bacterial infection
Formation of radicals causing cellular injury & pathophysiological
conditions like inflammation & Gastric ulceration.
It develops 1st generation enzymes linked with amperometric
biosensors.
Arrangement
MICRO
ELECTRONIC
PILL
CHIP - 1
CHIP - 2
CONTROL
CHIP
Control Chip
The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connects together
other components of the micro system.
It contains an analogue signal conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit analogue
to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data processing module.
The temperature circuitry bias the diode at constant current so that change in temperature
reflects a corresponding change in in diode voltage.
The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with the source
voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH.
cont..
The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the
electrode pair as an inverse function of solution conductivity.
Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC.
Radio Transmitter
pH from 1 to 13
ACCURACY :
pH channel is around 0.2 unit above the real value
Oxygen Sensor is 0.4 mgL.
Temperature & Conductivity is within 1%.
Advantages
It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human body. There fore
it is also called as MAGIC PILL FOR HEALTH CARE
Adaptable for use in corrosive & quiescent environment
It has very small size, hence it is very easy for practical usage
Very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, Current & Voltage requirement (12.1 mW,
3.9 mA, 3.1 V)
Less transmission length & hence has zero noise interference.
Micro Electronic Pills are expensive & are not available in many countries.
Further research are being carried out to remove its draw backs.
Reference
WEB REFERENCE:1. http://ubimon.doc.ic.ac.uk/bsn/public/Jon_Cooper.pdf
2. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
3. http://www.forumsains.com
BOOK REFERENCE:1. S. Mackay and B. Jacobson, "Endoradiosonde," Nature, vol. 179, pp. 12391240, 1957.
2. H. S. Wolff, "The radio pill," New Scientist, vol 12, pp. 419-421, 1961.
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