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    Antibioticresistance Powerpoint

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    Ody
    This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and antibiotic resistance. It describes how antimicrobials work by targeting essential microbial processes like cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance like drug inactivation or modification of drug targets are also reviewed. The document concludes by outlining proposals to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance like developing new drugs, tracking resistance data, and restricting antimicrobial use.

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    Antibioticresistance Powerpoint

    Uploaded by

    Ody
    327 views51 pages
    This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and antibiotic resistance. It describes how antimicrobials work by targeting essential microbial processes like cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance like drug inactivation or modification of drug targets are also reviewed. The document concludes by outlining proposals to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance like developing new drugs, tracking resistance data, and restricting antimicrobial use.

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    This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and antibiotic resistance. It describes how antimicrobials work by targeting essential microbial processes like cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance like drug inactivation or modification of drug targets are also reviewed. The document concludes by outlining proposals to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance like developing new drugs, tracking resistance data, and restricting antimicrobial use.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    327 views51 pages

    Antibioticresistance Powerpoint

    Uploaded by

    Ody
    This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and antibiotic resistance. It describes how antimicrobials work by targeting essential microbial processes like cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. The mechanisms of antibiotic resistance like drug inactivation or modification of drug targets are also reviewed. The document concludes by outlining proposals to address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance like developing new drugs, tracking resistance data, and restricting antimicrobial use.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 51

    Antimicrobial Drugs

    Fading Miracle?
    Ehrlichs Magic Bullets
    Fleming and Penicillin
    Chemotherapy
    The use of drugs to treat a disease

    Selective toxicity: A drug that kills


    harmful microbes without damaging
    the host
    Antibiotic/Antimicrobial
    Antibiotic: Chemical produced
    by a microorganism that kills or
    inhibits the growth of another
    microorganism
    Antimicrobial agent: Chemical
    that kills or inhibits the growth of
    microorganisms
    Microbial
    Sources
    of
    Antibiotics
    Antibiotic Spectrum of Activity

    No antibiotic is effective against all


    microbes
    Mechanisms of
    Antimicrobial Action
    Bacteria have their own enzymes
    for
    Cell wall formation
    Protein synthesis
    DNA replication
    RNA synthesis
    Synthesis of essential
    metabolites
    Mechanisms of
    Antimicrobial Action
    Viruses use host enzymes inside
    host cells
    Fungi and protozoa have own
    eukaryotic enzymes

    The more similar the pathogen


    and host enzymes, the more side
    effects the antimicrobials will have
    Modes of Antimicrobial Action
    Antibacterial Antibiotics
    Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
    Penicillin (over 50 compounds)
    Share 4-sided ring ( lactam ring)
    Natural penicillins
    Narrow range of action
    Susceptible to penicillinase (
    lactamase)
    Prokaryotic Cell Walls
    Penicillins
    Fig 20.6

    Figure 20.6
    Penicillinase ( Lactamase)

    Figure 20.8
    Semisynthetic Penicillins

    Penicilinase-resistant penicillins
    Carbapenems: very broad
    spectrum
    Monobactam: Gram negative
    Extended-spectrum penicillins
    Penicillins + -lactamase inhibitors
    Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall
    Synthesis
    Cephalosporins
    2nd, 3rd, and 4th
    generations
    more effective
    against gram-
    negatives

    Figure 20.9
    Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall
    Synthesis
    Polypeptide antibiotics
    Bacitracin
    Topical application
    Against gram-positives
    Vancomycin
    Glycopeptide
    Important "last line" against
    antibiotic resistant S. aureus
    Other Inhibitors of Cell Wall
    Synthesis
    Antibiotics
    effective against
    Mycobacteria:
    interfere with
    mycolic acid
    synthesis or
    incorporation
    Isoniazid (INH)
    Ethambutol
    Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
    Broad spectrum, toxicity problems
    Examples
    Chloramphenicol (bone marrow)
    Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin,
    neomycin, gentamycin (hearing, kidneys)
    Tetracyclines (Rickettsias & Chlamydia;
    GI tract)
    Macrolides: Erythromycin (gram +, used
    in children)
    Injury to the Plasma Membrane

    Polymyxin B (Gram negatives)


    Topical
    Combined with bacitracin and
    neomycin (broad spectrum) in over-
    the-counter preparation
    Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid
    Synthesis
    Rifamycin
    Inhibits RNA synthesis
    Antituberculosis
    Quinolones and fluoroquinolones
    Ciprofloxacin
    Inhibits DNA gyrase
    Urinary tract infections
    Competitive Inhibitors
    Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs)
    Inhibit folic acid synthesis
    Broad spectrum

    Figure 5.7
    Antifungal Drugs
    Fungi are
    eukaryotes
    Have unique
    sterols in their cell
    walls
    Pathogenic fungi
    are often outside
    the body
    Antiviral Drugs
    Viruses are composed of nucleic
    acid, protein capsid, and host
    membrane containing virus proteins
    Viruses live inside host cells and
    use many host enzymes
    Some viruses have unique enzymes
    for DNA/RNA synthesis or protein
    cutting in virus assembly
    Figure 20.16a
    Antiviral Drugs
    Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogs

    Figure 20.16a
    Analogs Block DNA Synthesis

    Figure 20.16b, c
    Antiviral Drugs
    Enzyme Inhibitors
    Inhibit assembly
    Indinavir (HIV)
    Inhibit attachment
    Zanamivir (Influenza)
    Inhibit uncoating
    Amantadine (Influenza)
    Antiviral Drugs
    Enzyme Inhibitors

    Interferons prevent spread of viruses


    to new cells (Viral hepatitis)
    Natural products of the immune
    system in viral infections
    Antiprotozoan Drugs

    Protozoa are
    eukaryotic cells
    Many drugs are
    experimental and
    their mode of
    action is unknown
    Antihelminthic Drugs
    Helminths are
    macroscopic
    multicellular
    eukaryotic
    organisms:
    tapeworms,
    roundworms,
    pinworms,
    hookworms
    Antihelminthic Drugs
    Prevent ATP generation (Tapeworms)
    Alters membrane permeability
    (Flatworms)
    Neuromuscular block (Intestinal
    roundworms)
    Inhibits nutrient absorption (Intestinal
    roundworms)
    Paralyzes worm (Intestinal
    roundworms)
    Measuring Antimicrobial
    Sensitivity

    E Test
    MIC: Minimal
    inhibitory
    concentration
    Measuring Antimicrobial
    Sensitivity: Disk Diffusion
    Antibiotic Resistance

    Figure 20.20
    Antimicrobial Resistance
    Relative or complete lack of
    effect of antimicrobial against a
    previously susceptible microbe
    Increase in MIC
    Mechanisms of Antibiotic
    Resistance
    Enzymatic destruction
    of drug
    Prevention of
    penetration of drug
    Alteration of antibiotic
    or target site
    Rapid ejection of the
    drug
    Antibiotic Selection for
    Resistant Bacteria
    What Factors Promote
    Antimicrobial Resistance?

    Exposure to sub-optimal levels


    of antimicrobial
    Exposure to microbes carrying
    resistance genes
    Inappropriate Antimicrobial
    Use
    Prescription not taken correctly
    Antibiotics for viral infections
    Antibiotics sold without medical
    supervision
    Spread of resistant microbes in
    hospitals due to lack of hygiene
    Inappropriate Antimicrobial
    Use
    Lack of quality control in
    manufacture or outdated
    antimicrobial
    Inadequate surveillance or
    defective susceptibility assays
    Poverty or war
    Use of antibiotics in foods
    Antibiotics in Foods
    Antibiotics are used in animal feeds
    and sprayed on plants to prevent
    infection and promote growth
    Multi drug-resistant Salmonella
    typhi has been found in 4 states in
    18 people who ate beef fed
    antibiotics
    Consequences of
    Antimicrobial Resistance
    Infections
    resistant to
    available
    antibiotics
    Increased cost
    of treatment
    Multi-Drug Resistant TB
    MRSA mer-sah
    Methicillin-Resistant
    Staphylococcus aureus
    Most frequent nosocomial
    (hospital-acquired) pathogen
    Usually resistant to several
    other antibiotics
    Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci
    Vancomycin Use USA
    Proposals to Combat
    Antimicrobial Resistance
    Speed development of new
    antibiotics
    Track resistance data nationwide
    Restrict antimicrobial use
    Direct observed dosing (TB)
    Proposals to Combat
    Antimicrobial Resistance
    Use more narrow spectrum
    antibiotics
    Use antimicrobial cocktails
    The Future of
    Chemotherapeutic Agents
    Antimicrobial peptides
    Broad spectrum antibiotics from
    plants and animals
    Squalamine (sharks)
    Protegrin (pigs)
    Magainin (frogs)
    The Future of
    Chemotherapeutic Agents

    Antisense agents
    Complementary DNA or peptide
    nucleic acids that binds to a
    pathogen's virulence gene(s) and
    prevents transcription

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