Chapter 9

Network Theorems
 Superposition Theorem
Total current through or voltage across a
resistor or branch
Determine by adding effects due to each
source acting independently
Replace a voltage source with a short

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 Superposition Theorem
Replace a current source with an open
Find results of branches using each
source independently
Algebraically combine results

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 Superposition Theorem
Power
Not a linear quantity
Found by squaring voltage or current
Theorem does not apply to power
To find power using superposition
Determine voltage or current
Calculate power

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 Thvenins Theorem
Lumped linear bilateral network
May be reduced to a simplified two-terminal
circuit
Consists of a single voltage source and
series resistance

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 Thvenins Theorem
Voltage source
Thvenin equivalent voltage, ETh.
Series resistance is Thvenin equivalent
resistance, RTh

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Thvenins Theorem

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 Thvenins Theorem
To convert to a Thvenin circuit
First identify and remove load from circuit
Label resulting open terminals

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 Thvenins Theorem
Set all sources to zero
Replace voltage sources with shorts,
current sources with opens
Determine Thvenin equivalent resistance
as seen by open circuit

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 Thvenins Theorem
Replace sources and calculate voltage
across open
If there is more than one source
Superposition theorem could be used

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 Thvenins Theorem
Resulting open-circuit voltage is Thvenin
equivalent voltage
Draw Thvenin equivalent circuit, including
load

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 Nortons Theorem
Similar to Thvenin circuit
Any lumped linear bilateral network
May be reduced to a two-terminal circuit
Single current source and single shunt
resistor

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 Nortons Theorem
RN = RTh
IN is Norton equivalent current

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Nortons Theorem

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 Nortons Theorem
To convert to a Norton circuit
Identify and remove load from circuit
Label resulting two open terminals
Set all sources to zero

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 Nortons Theorem
Determine open circuit resistance
This is Norton equivalent resistance
Note
This is accomplished in the same manner as
Thvenin equivalent resistance

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 Nortons Theorem
Replace sources and determine current
that would flow through a short place
between two terminals
This current is the Norton equivalent
current

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 Nortons Theorem
For multiple sources
Superposition theorem could be used
Draw the Norton equivalent circuit
Including the load

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 Nortons Theorem
Norton equivalent circuit
May be determined directly from a Thvenin
circuit (or vice-versa) by using source
transformation theorem

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Nortons Theorem

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 Maximum Power Transfer
Load should receive maximum amount of
power from source
Maximum power transfer theorem states
Load will receive maximum power from a
circuit when resistance of the load is exactly
the same as Thvenin (or Norton) equivalent
resistance of the circuit
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 Maximum Power Transfer
To calculate maximum power delivered by
source to load
Use P = V2/R
Voltage across load is one half of
Thvenin equivalent voltage

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 Maximum Power Transfer
Current through load is one half of Norton
equivalent current

2 2
ETh I N RN
Pmax
4 RTh 4

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 Maximum Power Transfer
Power across a load changes as load
changes by using a variable resistance
as the load

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Maximum Power Transfer

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Maximum Power Transfer

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 Efficiency
To calculate efficiency:

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 Substitution Theorem
Any branch within a circuit may be
replaced by an equivalent branch
Provided the replacement branch has same
current voltage
Theorem can replace any branch with an
equivalent branch
Simplify analysis of remaining circuit

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 Substitution Theorem
Part of the circuit shown is to be replaced
with a current source and a 240 shunt
resistor
Determine value of the current source

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Substitution Theorem

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 Millmans Theorem
Used to simplify circuits that have
Several parallel-connected branches
containing a voltage source and series
resistance
Current source and parallel resistance
Combination of both

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 Millmans Theorem
Other theorems may work, but Millmans
theorem provides a much simpler and
more direct equivalent

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 Millmans Theorem
Voltage sources
May be converted into an equivalent current
source and parallel resistance using source
transformation theorem
Parallel resistances may now be
converted into a single equivalent
resistance
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 Millmans Theorem
First, convert voltage sources into current
sources
Equivalent current, Ieq, is just the algebraic
sum of all the parallel currents

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 Millmans Theorem
Next, determine equivalent resistance,
Req, the parallel resistance of all the
resistors
Voltage across entire circuit may now be
calculated by:
Eeq = IeqReq

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 Millmans Theorem
We can simplify a circuit as shown:

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 Reciprocity Theorem
A voltage source causing a current I in any
branch
May be removed from original location and
placed into that branch

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 Reciprocity Theorem
Voltage source in new location will
produce a current in original source
location
Equal to the original I

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 Reciprocity Theorem
Voltage source is replaced by a short
circuit in original location
Direction of current must not change

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 Reciprocity Theorem
A current source causing a voltage V at
any node
May be removed from original location and
connected to that node
Current source in the new location
Will produce a voltage in original location
equal to V
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 Reciprocity Theorem
Current source is replaced by an open
circuit in original location
Voltage polarity cannot change

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