Slides - 17 - CH 18 - Network Theorems (Ac) - Updated - 2

Network Theorems (ac)
18.1 INTRODUCTION
The theorems studied earlier: Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s Theorem,
Norton’s Theorem, and Maximum Power Transfer theorem have a very similar
(almost identical) replica for ac circuit with the only change from just numbers and
resistances to phasors and impedances.
18.2 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
The only variation in applying this theorem to ac networks with independent sources
is that we will now be working with impedances and phasors instead of just resistors
and real numbers.
Dependent Sources
To apply superposition theorem on circuits with dependent sources, there are two
cases:
1. Case 1: if the controlling variables are outside the circuit to be analyzed =>
we proceed with superposition as usual.
2. Case 2: if the controlling variables are within the circuit to be analyzed =>
we set the dependent source to zero only when its controlling variable is zero
18.3 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
any two-terminal linear ac network can be replaced
with an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source (Phasor) and an impedance in series, as
shown in Fig. 18.22.
Since the reactances of a circuit are frequency dependent, the Thévenin circuit found
for a particular network is applicable only at one frequency.
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Thévenin equivalent
circuit is to be found.
2. Mark ( , ●, and so on) the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
3. Calculate ZTh by first setting all voltage and current sources to zero (short
circuit and open circuit, respectively) and then finding the resulting
impedance between the two marked terminals.
4. Calculate ETh by first replacing the voltage and current sources and then
finding the open-circuit voltage between the marked terminals.
5. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit
previously removed replaced between the terminals of the Thévenin
equivalent circuit.
In electronic circuits using superposition permits separation of the DC and AC
analyses.
Dependent Sources:
Case 1: Controlling variable external to the network under
investigation: Can use the method shown above.
Case 2: Controlling variable is part of the network under
investigation: Use New Approach.
New Approach for Thévenin’s theorem:

This new approach can be used for any circuit; however, it is especially useful for
circuits with dependent sources controlled by variables within the circuit to be
analyzed.
1. Step 1: find the open circuit voltage. The Thévenin’s equivalent voltage will be
equal to the open circuit voltage.
2. Step 2: find the short circuit current. The Thévenin’s equivalent impedance will
be equal to the ratio between the open circuit voltage and short circuit current.
Method 3: See Fig. 18.40 and 18.45
The Thévenin impedance is obtained by applying a source of voltage to the terminals

of interest and determining the source current as indicated in Fig. 18.40.
Method 3: See Fig. 18.40 and 18.45
18.4 NORTON’S THEOREM
any two-terminal linear ac network can be replaced
with an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source (Phasor) and an impedance in parallel, as
shown in Fig. 18.59.
Since the reactances of a circuit are frequency dependent, the Norton’s circuit found
for a particular network is applicable only at one frequency.
1. Remove that portion of the network across which the Norton equivalent
circuit is to be found.
2. Mark ( , ●, and so on) the terminals of the remaining two-terminal network.
3. Calculate ZN by first setting all voltage and current sources to zero (short
circuit and open circuit, respectively) and then finding the resulting
impedance between the two marked terminals.
4. Calculate IN by first replacing the voltage and current sources and then
finding the short-circuit current between the marked terminals.
5. Draw the Norton equivalent circuit with the portion of the circuit previously
removed replaced between the terminals of the Norton equivalent circuit.
A new Approach for Norton’s theorem
This new approach can be used for any circuit; however, it is especially useful for
circuits with dependent sources controlled by variables within the circuit to be
analyzed.
1. Step 1: find the short circuit current. The Norton’s equivalent current will be
equal to the short circuit current.
2. Step 2: find the open circuit voltage. The Norton’s equivalent impedance will
be equal to the ratio between the open circuit voltage and short circuit current.
I
R1 R2
+
E hI
–
(18.11)
Norton
FIG. 18.75
Example 18.17.
18.5 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
When applied to ac circuits, the maximum power transfer theorem states that
Maximum power will be delivered to a load when the load impedance is the
conjugate of the Thévenin impedance across its terminals.
Since the circuit is purely
resistive: The power factor under
maximum power transfer is 1:

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Network Theorems (ac)

18.2 SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

New Approach for Thévenin’s theorem:

The Thévenin impedance is obtained by applying a source of voltage to the terminals

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