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    Carnot Cycle For I.C Engine and Its Limitations

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    The document discusses the Carnot cycle, which describes how a fluid can convert thermal energy to work through a reversible thermodynamic process. It consists of four stages: two isothermal processes where heat is exchanged at constant temperature, and two adiabatic processes where no heat is exchanged. The Carnot cycle forms the basis for calculating the maximum possible efficiency of heat engines and refrigerators. However, real engines cannot achieve Carnot efficiency due to irreversible processes like friction.

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    Carnot Cycle For I.C Engine and Its Limitations

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    msshahenter
    268 views27 pages
    The document discusses the Carnot cycle, which describes how a fluid can convert thermal energy to work through a reversible thermodynamic process. It consists of four stages: two isothermal processes where heat is exchanged at constant temperature, and two adiabatic processes where no heat is exchanged. The Carnot cycle forms the basis for calculating the maximum possible efficiency of heat engines and refrigerators. However, real engines cannot achieve Carnot efficiency due to irreversible processes like friction.

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    The document discusses the Carnot cycle, which describes how a fluid can convert thermal energy to work through a reversible thermodynamic process. It consists of four stages: two isothermal processes where heat is exchanged at constant temperature, and two adiabatic processes where no heat is exchanged. The Carnot cycle forms the basis for calculating the maximum possible efficiency of heat engines and refrigerators. However, real engines cannot achieve Carnot efficiency due to irreversible processes like friction.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    268 views27 pages

    Carnot Cycle For I.C Engine and Its Limitations

    Uploaded by

    msshahenter
    The document discusses the Carnot cycle, which describes how a fluid can convert thermal energy to work through a reversible thermodynamic process. It consists of four stages: two isothermal processes where heat is exchanged at constant temperature, and two adiabatic processes where no heat is exchanged. The Carnot cycle forms the basis for calculating the maximum possible efficiency of heat engines and refrigerators. However, real engines cannot achieve Carnot efficiency due to irreversible processes like friction.

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    Carnot Cycle For I.

    C Engine And
    Its Limitations

    15BPE010- Nishant Bhojani


    15BPE011- Karan Budhrani
    15BPE014- Aakash Chauhan
    CONTENTS

    • Carnot cycle
    • Assumptions of Carnot cycle
    • Carnot engine
    • Working process
    • Reversed Carnot cycle
    • Applications of Carnot engine
    • Limitations
    • Conclusion
    CARNOT CYCLE
    • Thermodynamic process , that describes how a
    fluid is used to convert thermal energy into work

    • Proposed in 1824 by French physicist Nicolas


    Leonard Sadi Carnot

    • Hypothetical cycle used to compare other cycle

    • Consists of four reversible process


    ELEMENTS OF CARNOT CYCLE
    • Working substances. (i.e. Air)

    • Heat source and heat sink

    • Piston-cylinder arrangement

    • Diathermic cover (perfect heat conductor)


    and Adiabatic cover (perfect heat insulator)
    ASSUMPTIONS

    • Working substance is a perfect gas.


    • No friction between the cylinder and piston.
    • Transfer of heat does not affect the
    temperature of source or sink.
    • Walls of cylinder and piston are perfect heat
    insulator.
    • Changes in kinetic and potential energies are
    negligible.
    CARNOT ENGINE
    • A heat engine operating in an ideal, reversible
    cycle(Carnot cycle) between two temperatures.

    Fig-1. Carnot engine


    CARNOT THEOREM

    • No real engine can be more efficient than a


    Carnot engine operating between same two
    reservoirs.

    • All Carnot engines operating between


    reservoirs at the same temperature have the
    same efficiency.
    CHARACTERISTICS
    High efficiency

    Multi-source engine

    Better reliability and easier maintenance

    Safe, discrete and oxygen-free

    Modularity and flexibility


    STAGES OF CARNOT CYCLE

     Reversible isothermal expansion (1-2, T=constant)

     Reversible adiabatic expansion (2-3, Q=0)

     Reversible isothermal compression (3-4,T=constant)

     Reversible adiabatic compression (4-1, Q=0)


    PV DIAGRAM

    Fig-2. PV diagram for Carnot cycle


    TEMPERATURE V.S ENTROPY

    Fig-3. Temperature vs. Entropy diagram for Carnot cycle


    WORKING OF CARNOT ENGINE
    •

    Fig-4. Working process for Carnot engine


    WORKING OF CARNOT ENGINE
    1) During this step (A to B in Figure 2, 1 to 2 Figure 3) the
    gas is allowed to expand and it does work on the
    surroundings. The temperature of the gas does not change
    during the process, and thus the expansion is isothermic.
    The gas expansion is propelled by absorption of heat
    energy Q1 and entropy of the gas increases from the high
    temperature reservoir.

    1) For this step (B to C on Figure 2, 2 to 3 in Figure 3) the


    piston and cylinder are assumed to be thermally insulated,
    thus they neither gain nor lose heat. The gas continues to
    expand, doing work on the surroundings, and losing an
    equivalent amount of internal energy. The entropy
    remains unchanged.
    WORKING OF CARNOT ENGINE
    3) From (C to D on Figure 2, 3 to 4 on Figure 3) Now the gas
    is exposed to the cold temperature reservoir while the
    surroundings do work on the gas by compressing it (such
    as through the return compression of a piston), while
    causing an amount of heat energy Q2 and of entropy to
    flow out of the gas to the low temperature reservoir.

    3) Once again the piston and cylinder are assumed to be


    thermally insulated and the cold temperature reservoir is
    removed. During this step, the surroundings continue to
    do work to further compress the gas and both the
    temperature and pressure rise now that the heat sink has
    been removed. The entropy remains unchanged.
    EFFICIENCY OF CARNOT ENGINE
    • The efficiency of the carnot engine is defined as the ratio of the
    energy output to the energy input.

    • Efficiency = (work done by the heat engine)/( heat absorbed)


    ɳ=W / Q1 or ɳ= 1- (T2/T1) = 1- (Q2/Q1)

    •ɳirrev < ɳrev


    •For a typical steam power plant operating between Th =800 K
    (boiler) and Tl =300 K (cooling tower), the maximum achievable
    efficiency is 62.5%
    REAL ENGINE VS.CARNOT ENGINE
    • All real engines are less efficient than Carnot
    engine.

    • Real engines are irreversible because of friction.

    • Real engines are irreversible because they


    complete cycles in short periods of time.
    REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE
    • Reversing the carnot cycle does reverse the
    directions of heat and work interactions.
    • A refrigerator or heat pump that operates
    on the reversed Carnot cycle is called a
    Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot heat pump.
    • Most efficient refrigeration cycle operating
    between two specified temperature levels.
    REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

    • Consists of four processes…….

    1) Adiabatic compression

    2) Isothermal compression

    3) Adiabatic expansion

    4) Isothermal expansion
    WORKING PROCESS
    • (1-2) adiabatic compression of
    the working fluid with the aid
    of external work. the
    temperature of fluid rises from
    T2 to T1.
    • (2-3) isothermal compression of
    the working fluid during which
    heat is rejected at constant high
    temperature T1.
    • (3-4)adiabatic expansion of the
    working fluid. The temperature
    of working fluid falls from T1 to
    T2.
    • (4-1) isothermal expansion of
    air where heat is absorbed at
    low temperature T2
    Fig-5. PV diagram for reversed Carnot
    cycle
    TEMPERATURE VS. ENTROPY

    • The result is a cycle


    that operates in the
    counter clockwise
    direction on T-S
    diagram, which is
    called the reversed
    Carnot cycle.

    Fig-6. T vs. S diagram for reversed Carnot cycle


    LIMITATION

    • Practically the reversed Carnot cycle can’t


    be used for refrigeration purpose as the
    adiabatic process requires very high speed
    operations, whereas the isothermal process
    requires very low speed operation.
    APPLICATIONS OF CARNOT CYCLE

    All type of vehicles


    that we use, cars,
    motorcycles, trucks,
    ships, aero planes, and
    many other types
    work on the basis of
    second law of
    thermodynamics and
    carnot cycle.

    Fig-7. petrol engine


    APPLICATIONS OF CARNOT CYCLE
    All the refrigerators,
    deep freezers,
    industrial
    refrigeration systems,
    all types of air-
    conditioning systems,
    heat pumps, etc work
    on the basis of Carnot
    cycle.

    Fig-8. Heat pump


    LIMITATIONS OF CARNOT CYCLE

    • Impossible to perform frictionless process.


    • Impossible to transfer heat without finite
    temperature difference.
    • During isothermal process piston move very
    slowly and during adiabatic process piston
    move very fast. variation of speed within
    same cycle is not possible.
    CONCLUSIONS
    • Carnot engine is purely an imaginary engine. But
    all real engines are constructed based on Carnot
    cycle.
    • No other engine can have same efficiency as that of
    a Carnot engine working between the same
    temperature range.
    • Efficiency of any reversible engine operate
    between two reservoir is independent of the
    nature of working fluid. But depends upon
    temperature of reservoirs.
    REFERENCES

    • Wikipedia.org
    • Thermodynamics an engineering approach by
    Yunus A Cengel
    • Ncert.nic.in
    • Engineering thermodynamics by R.K.Rajput
    • Slideshare.net

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