Chapter 3b - Network Theorem (AC Power Analysis)
Chapter 3b - Network Theorem (AC Power Analysis)
Chapter 3b - Network Theorem (AC Power Analysis)
Content
Average Power
Maximum Average Power Transfer
Complex Power
Power Factor Correction
2
Average Power
Average Power, in watts (W), is the average
of instantaneous power over one period
1
P Vm I m cos( v i )
2
3
Average Power
Resistive load (R) absorbs power all the time.
For a purely resistive circuit, the voltage and
the current are in phase (v = i).
1 1 2 1 2
P Vm I m I m R | I | R
2 2 2
4
Average Power
Reactive load (L or C) absorbs zero average
power.
For a purely reactive circuit, the voltage and the
current are out of phase by 90o (v - i = ±90).
1
P Vm I m cos 90 0
o
2
5
Exercise 11.3
Find the average power supplied by the source and the average
power absorb by the resistor
6
Solution
The current I is given by
530 o
I 1.11856.57 o A
4 j2
1
P (5)(1.118)cos(30o 56.57 o ) 2.5W
2
7
Solution
The current through the resistor is
I R I 1.11856.57 o A
The voltage across resistor is
VR 4I R 4.47256.57 o V
The average power absorbed by the resistor is
1
P (4.472)(1. 118) 2.5W
2
Notice that the average power supplied by the voltage source is same
as the power absorbed by the resistor.
This result shows the capacitor absorbed zero average power.
8
Practice Problem 11.3
Calculate the average power absorbed by the resistor and the
inductor. Then find the average power supplied by the voltage source
9
Solution
The current I is given by
845o
I 2.5326.57 o A
3 j
I R I 2.5326.57 o A
VR 3I 7.5926.57 o V
1 1
PR Vm I m (7.59)(2.53) 9.6W
2 2
10
Solution
For the inductor
I L I 2.5326.57 o A
VL jI L 2.53116.57 o V
1
PL (2.53)(2.53)cos(90o ) 0W
2
The average power supplied by the voltage source is
1
P (8)(2.53)cos(45o 26.57 o ) 9.6W
2
Notice that the average absorbed by the resistor is same as the power
supplied by the voltage source.
This result shows the inductor also absorbed zero average power.
11
MAXIMUM AVERAGE POWER
TRANSFER
12
Maximum Power Transfer
For maximum power transfer, the load
impedance ZL must equal to the complex
conjugate of the Thevenin impedance Zth
Z L Z th *
R L jX L R th jX th
13
Maximum Average Power
The current through the load is
Vth Vth
I
Zth ZL (R th jX th ) (R L jX L )
1 | VTh |2 | VTh |2
Pavg,max
2 4R Th 8R Th
R L | Z th |
15
Exercise 11.5
Determine the load impedance ZL that maximize the power drawn
and the maximum average power.
16
Solution
First we obtain the Thevenin equivalent
ZTh j5 4 || (8 j6)
(2.933 j4.467) Ω
To find Vth, consider circuit (b)
(8 - j6)
VTh (100o )
4 (8 - j6)
7.454 10.3o V
17
Solution
From the result obtained, the load impedance draws the maximum
power from the circuit when
| VTh |2 (7.454) 2
Pmax 2.368W
8R Th 8(2.933)
18
Practice Problem 11.5
Determine the load impedance ZL that absorbs the maximum
average power. Calculate the maximum average power.
19
Solution
First we obtain the Thevenin equivalent
Z L Z Th * (3.415 j0.7317) Ω
| VTh |2 (6.25) 2
Pmax 1.429 W
8R Th 8(3.415)
21
Example 11.6
Find the value of RL that will absorbs maximum average power.
Then calculate that power.
22
Solution
First we obtain the Thevenin equivalent
Find Zth
ZTh j20 || (40 j30)
(9.412 j22.35) Ω
Find Vth
By using voltage divider
j20
VTh (15030 o )
j20 40 j30
72.76134 o V
23
Solution
The value of RL that will absorb the maximum average power is
25
Solution
First we obtain the Thevenin equivalent
To find Vth
By using voltage divider
Z2
VTh (12060 o )
Z1 Z2
35.98 31.91o V
26
Solution
The value of RL that will absorb the maximum average power is
R L | ZTh | 30
1 2 1
Pmax | I | R L (0.6764) 2 (30) 6.863W
2 2
27
Complex Power
Apparent Power, S (VA)
Real Power, P (Watts)
Reactive Power, Q (VAR)
Power Factor, cos
28
Complex Power
Complex power is the product of the rms
voltage phasor and the complex conjugate
of the rms current phasor.
Measured in volt-amperes or VA
As a complex quantity
Its real part is real power, P
Its imaginary part is reactive power, Q
29
Complex Power (Derivation)
V
1 Vrms Vrms θ v
S VI * 2
2 I
I rms I rms θ i
S Vrms I rms * 2
S Vrms I rms θ v θi
30
Complex Power (Derivation)
SI 2
rms Z
S I 2 rms (R jX)
I 2 rms R jI 2 rms X
31
Complex Power (Derivation)
From derivation, we notice that the real power is
P I 2 rms R
and also the reactive power
Q I 2 rms X
32
Real or Average Power
The real power is the average power
delivered to a load.
Measured in watts (W)
The only useful power
The actual power dissipated by the load
33
Reactive Power
The reactive power, Q is the imaginary parts
of complex power.
The unit of Q is volt-ampere reactive (VAR).
It represents a lossless interchange between
the load and the source
Q = 0 for resistive load (unity pf)
Q < 0 for capacitive load (leading pf)
Q > 0 for inductive load (lagging pf)
34
Apparent Power
The apparent power is the product of rms
values of voltage and current
Measured in volt-amperes or VA
Magnitude of the complex power
| S | Vrms I rms P Q
2 2
35
Power Factor
Power factor is the cosine of the phase
difference between voltage and current.
It is also cosine of the angle of the load
impedance.
P
pf cos( v i )
S
36
Power Factor
The range of pf is between zero and
unity.
For a purely resistive load, the voltage
and current are in phase so that v- i = 0
and pf = 1, the apparent power is equal
to average power.
For a purely reactive load, v- i = 90 and
pf = 0, the average power is zero.
37
Power Triangular
Comparison between the power triangular (a) and the impedance triangular (b).
38
Problem 11.46
For the following voltage and current phasors, calculate the
complex power, apparent power, real power and reactive
power. Specify whether the pf is leading or lagging.
39
Solution
a) S = VI* = (22030o)( 0.5-60o) c) S = VI* = (1200o)( 2.415o)
= 110-30o VA = 95.26 – j55 VA = 28815o VA = 278.2 + j74.54 VA
40
Problem 11.48
Determine the complex power for the following cases:
41
Solution
a) Given P = 269W, Q = 150VAR (capacitive)
Complex power, S P jQ (269 j150)VA
308 29.14 o VA
b) Given Q = 2000VAR, pf = 0.9 (leading)
Q 450
Q S sin sin 0.75
S 600
48.59 o
pf cos 0.6614
c) Determine Z
45
Solution
Given S = 120VA, pf = 0.707 = cos = 45o
a) the complex power
S Vrms I rms
S 120
I rms 1.091A
Vrms 110
46
Solution
c) the impedance Z
S I rms Z
2
S
Z 2
(71.278 j 71.278)
I rms
d) value of R and L
If Z = R + jL then Z = 71.278 + j 71.278
R 71.278Ω
71.278
ωL 71.278 L 0.1891H
2f
47
Problem 11.83
Oscilloscope measurement indicate that the voltage across a
load and the current through is are 21060o V and 825o A
respectively. Determine
48
Solution
a) the real power
1 1
S VI* (21060 o )(8 25o )
2 2
(84035o )VA (688.1 j481.8)VA
P S cos(35o ) 840 cos(35o ) 688.1W
b) the apparent power
S 840 VA
c) the reactive power
Q S sin (35o ) 840 sin (35o ) 481.8VAR
d) the power factor
P
pf cos(35o ) 0.8191(lag ging)
S 49
Power Factor Correction
The process of increasing the power
factor without altering the voltage or
current to the original load.
It may be viewed as the addition of a
reactive element (usually capacitor) in
parallel with the load in order to make
the power factor closer to unity.
50
Power Factor Correction
Normally, most loads are inductive.
Thus power factor is improved or
corrected by installing a capacitor in
parallel with the load.
In circuit analysis, an inductive load is
modeled as a series combination of an
inductor and a resistor.
51
Implementation of Power Factor Correction
52
Calculation
If the original inductive load has apparent power S1, then
P = S1 cos 1 and Q1 = S1 sin 1 = P tan 1
The reduction in the reactive power is caused by the shunt capacitor is given by
QC = Q1 – Q2 = P (tan 1 - tan 2)
53
Calculation
The value of the required shunt capacitance is determined by the
formula
QC P(tanθ1 tanθ 2 )
C
ωV rms
2
ωV rms
2
Notice that the real power, P dissipated by the load is not affected
by the power factor correction because the average power due to
the capacitor is zero
54
Example 11.15
55
Solution
If the pf = 0.8 then,
cos1 = 0.8 1 = 36.87o
where 1 is the phase difference between the voltage and current.
We obtained the apparent power from the real power and the pf as shown below.
P 4000
S1 5000 VA
cos1 0.8
The reactive power is
56
Solution
When the pf raised to 0.95,
cos2 = 0.95 2 = 18.19o
The real power P has not changed. But the apparent power has changed. The
new value is
P 4000
S2 4210 .5VA
cos 2 0.95
57
Solution
The difference between the new and the old reactive power is due to the parallel
addition of the capacitor to the load.
The reactive power due to the capacitor is
QC 1685 .6
C 310.5μF
V rms 2 (60)(120)
2 2
58
Practice Problem 11.15
59
Solution
If the pf = 0.85 then,
cos1 = 0.85 1 = 31.79o
where 1 is the phase difference between the voltage and current.
We obtained the apparent power from the reactive power and the pf as shown
below.
Q1 140kVAR
S1 265.8kVA
sin 1 sin( 31.79)
60
Solution
When the pf raised to 1 (unity),
cos2 = 1 2 = 0o
The real power P has not changed. But the apparent power has changed. The
new value is
P 225.93kW
S2 225.93kVA
cos 2 1
Q2 S 2 sin 2 0
61
Solution
The difference between the new and the old reactive power due to the parallel
addition of the capacitor to the load.
The reactive power due to the capacitor is
QC 140kVAR
C 30.69mF
V rms 2 (60)(110)
2 2
62
Problem 11.82
63
Solution
For the heater
P1 = 5000 Q1 = 0
64
Solution
The total system complex power
Stotal = S1 + S2 = (P1 + P2) + j (Q1 + Q2) = 29600 + j17171
The system apparent power
S = |Stotal| = 34.33kVA
The system reactive power
Q = 17171 kVAR
P 29600
pf 0.865
S 34220
65
Solution
The system pf = 0.865 then,
cos1 = 0.865 1 = 30.12o
The rating for the capacitance required to adjust the power factor to 0.9
66
Solution
The value of capacitance is
QC 2833
C 130.46μF
V rms 2 (60)(240)
2 2
67