“Forensic document examination is the study of physical

evidence, and physical evidence cannot lie. Only its

interpretation can err. Only failure to fit it, or to hear its
true testimony can deprive it of its value.”…. Richard Huber…

Questioned Document
• DOCUMENT

Any material containing marks,

symbols, or signs either visible,
partially visible that may present or
ultimately convey a meaning to
someone, maybe in the form of
pencil, ink writing, or typewriting, or
printing on paper.
• Applies to writings: to words printed,
lithographed, or photographed: to
maps or plans, to seals , plates, or
even stones on which inscriptions are
cut or engraved.
• from the Latin word”documentum”,
which means “lesson, or example”.
• It may have been derived also from
the French word “docere”, means to
teach.
 QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
• One in which the facts appearing
therein may not be true, and are
contested either in whole or part
with respect to its authenticity,
identity, or origin.
 DISPUTED DOCUMENT.
• A term suggesting that there is an
argument or controversy over the
document, and strictly speaking this
is true meaning.
 STANDARD DOCUMENT

• They are used by the document

examiner as the basis for his
identification or non-identification of
the questioned document.

• Those things whose origins are

known.
 EXEMPLAR
• A term used by some document
examiners and attorneys to
characterize known material.
Standard is the older term.
 KINDS OF DOCUMENTS
• PUBLIC DOCUMENT- any instruments notarized by a
notary public or competent public official with solemnities
required by law.

• OFFICIAL DOCUMENT-any instrument issued by the

government or its agents or its officers having the
authority to do so and the offices.

• PRIVATE DOCUMENT- every deed or instrument

executed by a private person without the intervention of
a notary public or of any person legally authorized.

• COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT- any instrument executed in

accordance with the Code of Commerce or any
Mercantile Law, containing disposition of commercial
rights or obligations.
CLASSES OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS:

1.Documents with questioned signatures.

2.Questioned documents alleged to have been containing
fraudulent alterations.
3. Question or disputed holographic will
a. HOLOGRAPHIC WILL-will entirely written in the
handwriting of the testator
b. NOTARIAL WILL-singed by the tester acknowledge
before a notary public with 3 witnesses
4. Documents investigated on the question of typewriting.
• With a view of ascertaining their resources
• With a view of ascertaining their dates
• With a view of determining whether or not they contain
fraudulent alterations or substituted pages.
5. Questioned documents on issues of their
age or date.
6. Questioned documents on issues of
materials used in their production.
7. Documents or writings investigated
because it is alleged that they identify
some persons through handwriting.
8. Anonymous and disputed letters, and
9. Superscriptions, registrations and
miscellaneous writings
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
HOLOGRAPHIC WILL-will entirely
written in the handwriting of the
testator

NOTARIAL WILL-signed by the

tester acknowledge before a notary
public.
– ERASURE- The removal of writings,
typewriting or printing, from a
document is an erasure.
OBLITERATION- the blotting out
or shearing over the writing to
make the original invisible to as an
addition.
– EXPERT WITNESS- A legal term
used to described a witness who by
reason of his special training or
experience is permitted to express an
opinion regarding the issue, or a
certain aspect of the issue, which is
involved in a court action.
– IDENTIFICATION (Identity)- state of
being identical or absolutely the same as
in similarity of source or authorship of
the questioned document and the
standard document.
– NON-IDENTIFICATION (Non-identity)
sources or authorship of the compared
questioned and standard specimens is
different.
• INSERTION OR
INTERLINEATION- The term
“insertion” and interlineations”
include the addition of writing and
other material between lines or
paragraphs or the addition of whole
page to a document
 DIVISIONS OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION

• CRIMINALISTICS EXAMINATION
Involves the detection of forgery,
erasure, alteration or obliteration of
documents. (laboratory works).

• Handwriting Investigation/Analysis.
This is more focused in determining the
author or writing. It is more difficult
procedure and requires long study and
experience.
 FORMS/ASPECTS OF
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION
• Handwriting Examination (Graphology/Graphoanalysis)
– examination of signatures and initials
– examination of anonymous letters

• Examination of Typewritings and typeprints

• Examination of Inks

• Examination of Erasures, alterations or obliterations, etc.

– Detection of alteration
– Decipherment of erased writings
– Restoration of obliterated writings
• Counterfeiting
– Examination of currency bills and coins
and the like
– Examination of fake documents
• Miscellaneous aspects
– Determination of age of documents
– Identification of stamps
– Examinations of seal and other
authenticating devices
 DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

A. OBJECTIVE
– To furnish the investigator in the field
with sufficient background information
concerning document examination.
 QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS TIMELINE
1609- The first treatise on systematic document examination was
published by Francis Demelle of France.

• 1810- The first recorded use of questioned document analysis

occurred in Germany. A chemical test for a particular ink dye
was applied to a document known as Konigin Hanschritt.

• 1882- Gilbert Thompson, railroad builder with the US

Geological survey in New Mexico, put his own thumbprint on
wage chits.

• 1894- Alfred Dreyfus of France was convicted of treason

based on a mistaken handwriting identification by Bertillion.

• 1910- Albert S. Osborn- an American and arguably the most

influential document examiner, published Questioned
DOCuments.
 HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION
AND EXAMINATION
• HANDWRITING
is the result of a very complicated series
of facts, being used as a whole, and
combination of certain forms of visible
mental and muscular habits acquired by
long, continued painstaking effort.

• ” visible speech”.
hieroglyphs
• Rosetta Stone
• The discovery of the Rosetta Stone
in 1799 allowed experts to decode
Egyptian hieroglyphs (picture
writing). The stone contains the same
message printed in three languages,
including hieroglyphs and Greek.
• Bridgeman/Art Resource, NY
• Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. © 1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights
reserved.
Roman alphabet
• The hands contain three kinds of muscle, which
function in the act of writing.

extensor muscles push up the pen to form the

upward strokes.

flexor muscles that push the pen to form a

downward strokes.

LUMBRICALS, refers to the group of muscles that

account for the lateral strokes.
• Generally speaking, four groups of
muscles are employed in writing –
those that operate the joints of the
finger, wrist, elbow and shoulder.
• The delicate way in which the various
muscles used in writing work
together to produce written form is
known as motor coordination.
 KINDS OF WRITINGS:

– Cursive-most used by adults; means

running; connected; writing in which
one letter is joined to the next.
– Script-separated or printed writings.
– Block- all capital letters.
 ILLNESSES THAT MAY AFFECT
HANDWRITNG OF AN INDIVIDUAL

• Agraphia- inability to write in an orderly fashion,

but can still be able to manipulate writing materials.

• Aphasia- impairment of the power to use and

understand words in communicating.

• Dyslexia- disability to read and mis-spell words.

(example, from Read to Red.)

• Paragraphia- inability to write the correct words,

but ability to copy text is retained.
• Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s
Disease- uncontrolled trembling due to old
age.

• ALS(Amyotropic Lateral Sclerosis)- or

LOU GEHRIG DISEASE, which includes
weakening of muscles.

• ARTHRITIS

• CEREBRAL PALSY- alteration of movement

of motor function
CAUSES OF VARIATION

– Function of some external i.e.

influence of the available space.
– Abnormal conditions such as physical
injury,toxic effects, emotion and
deception.
– Position/location of letter
 DEVELOPMENT OF
HANDWRITING OF AN
INDIVIUAL
SCHOOL COPYBOOK FORM (SCHOOL
MODEL)- refer to the standard of
handwriting instruction taught in
particular school
SYSTEM OF EARLY AMERICAN
HANDWRITING:

– Old English round Hand

– Modified round hand
– Modern Vertical writing
– the arm movement writing
 – MODERN SCHOOL MODEL FORMS
• Palmer Copybook- commonly used in
the United States prior to 1980.
• D’Nealian Copybook- commonly used
in the United States since 1980.
• British Copybook
• French Copybook
• German Copybook
• Modern Manuscript and Modern Cursive Similar to D'Nealian Handwriting
• Zaner-Bloser, Simplified
GRAPHOANALYSIS- the study of
handwriting based on the two
fundamental strokes, the curve and
the straight strokes.
Graphology systems tend to be one of
three (3) types:
(1) those based on individual letter
formations;
(2) those based on stroke analysis;
(3) those based on an holistic/gestalt
method.
 TERMINOLOGIES RELATED TO
HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION

COLLATION- side by side comparison

DISGUISED WRITING- A writer may
deliberately try to alter his usual
writing habits of hiding his identity.
DOWNSTROKES- the movement of
the pen toward the writer.
GESTALT- German word that means
“complete” or “whole”.
GRAPHOMETRY- analysis by comparison and
measurement.

LEFT-HANDED WRITING- also known as the

wrong hand writing (Sinistral)

LETTER SPACE- the amount of space left

between letters.

LINE SPACE- the amount of space left between

lines.

PEN EMPHASIS- the act intermittently forcing

the pen against the paper with increase
pressure.
NATURAL WRITING- any specimen of
writing executed normally without
any attempt to control or alter its
identifying habits and its usual
quality or execution.
NATURAL VARIATION- these are
normal or usual deviations found
between repeated specimens of any
individual handwriting.
PEN POSITION - Relationship between the
pen point and the paper. The orientation of
the writing instrument.

PEN PRESSURE – The average force with

which the pen contacts the paper.

SHADING- Is the widening of the ink

strokes.
 KINDS OF MOVEMENT

1.Finger Movement- the thumb, the first, the second

and slightly the third finger are in actual motion.

2.Hand Movement- wrist is the center of attraction.

3.Forearm Movement- the movement of the shoulder,

hand and arm with the support of the table.

4.Whole arm Movement- action of the entire arm

without resting i.e., blackboard writing.
• STROKE Is the path followed by the pen in the
paper.

TERMINOLOGIES CONCERNING STROKE

CHARACTERISTICS

arc- a curved formed inside the top

curve of loop as in small letters “h”,
“m”, “n”, & “p”.
arch- any arcade form in the body of a
letter found in small letters which
contain arches.
ascender- is the top portion of a
letter or upper loop.

Beaded- preliminary embellished

initial stroke which usually occurs
in capital letters.
• Beard- is the rudimentary initial up
stroke of a letter.
• Body- the main portion of the letter,
minus the initial of strokes, terminal
strokes and the diacritic, of any.
• Buckle/Buckleknot- a loop made as a
flourished which is added to the
letters
• Patching- retouching or going back
over a defective portion of a stroke.
Careful patching is common defect
on forgeries.
• Pen lift- an interruption in a stroke
caused by removing the writing
instrument from the paper.
• Retrace/ retracing- any part of a
stroke which is super imposed upon
the original stroke.
Cacography- a bad writing
Calligraphy- the art of beautiful writing
Descender- opposite of ascender, the lower
portion of a letter.
Diacritic- “t” crossing and dots of the letter
“i” and “j”.
Eye/ Eyelet/Eyeloop- a small loop or curved
formed inside the letters.
• Foot- lower part which rest on the
base line.

• Hiatus/ pen jump- a gap occurring

between a continuous stroke without
lifting the pen.
• Hook- it is a minute curve or ankle which
often occurs at the end of the terminal
stroke.
• Shoulder- outside portion of the top
curve, small letter “m” has three shoulders
and the small letter “n” has two, the small
letter “h” has one shoulder.
• Spur- a short initial or terminal stroke.
• Hump- upper portion of its letter
“m,n,h,k” the rounded outside of the
top of the bend stroke or curve in a
small letter.
• Knob- the extra deposit of ink in the
initial and terminal stroke due to the
slow withdrawal of the pen from the
paper ( usually applicable to the
fountain pen).
• Ligature/ connection- the stroke which
connects two stroke of the letter.
• Long letter- those letters with both upper
and lower loops.
• Loop- a oblong curve such as found on the
small letter “f,g,I” and letter stroke “f”
has two. A loop may be blind or open.
• Majuscule- a capital letter.
• Minuscule- a small letter.
• Staff- any major long downward
stroke of a letter that is the
long downward stroke of the
letter “b,g”.
• Stem or shank- the upright long
downward stroke that is the
trunk or stalk.
• Whirl- the upstroke of looping
ascender.
• Linear Letters- lower case letters
having no ascending loops or stems,
or descending loops or stems
sometimes called minuscules. No
capital letters.
• Supralinear- letters that extend a
distance vertically above the linear
letters, (b, d,h,k,l and t)
• Infralinear- Letters are those that extend
a distance vertically below the baseline of
the writing or of the linear letters.
(g,j,p,q,y,z).
• Double-Length Letters- are those few
letters that extend a distance vertically
both above and below the linear letters. (f,
y, z,p)
A. GENERAL (CLASS) CHARACTERISTICS-
found among so large of writers that have only
slight identification value.

B. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISITICS- They are

characteristics which are the result of the
writer’s muscular control, coordination, age,
health, nervous, temperament, frequency,
personality and character. They are found in
the following:
• writing movement
• form and design of letters
• muscular control or motor control
Types of handwriting standards
• Collected Standards- are known (genuine)
handwriting of an individual.
• Request Standards- handwritings written
by an individual upon request for the
purpose of comparison with other
handwriting.
• Post Litem motam exemplars- writings
produce by the subject after evidential
writings have come into dispute.
• Contemporaneous Standards- standards
should not exceed more than five years.
SUGGESTED PROCEDURE FOR TAKING
REQUEST HANDWRITING STANDARDS IN
ALL TYPES OF QUESTIONED- DOCUMENT
PROBLEMS:
• Have subject seated in a natural
position at table or desk having smooth
writing surface.
• Furnish subject with paper and writing
instrument similar to those used in
questioned writings.
• Never permit the subject to see any
writing on the questioned document.
• Dictate material to be written( or
printed , if questioned material is
hand printed).
• Remove each specimen upon
completion by subject number in
consequence, date , time and identify
by initiating each, and request
subject to sign each specimen.
• Observe all writing done by subjects.
 HOW TO PREPARE AND COLLECT HANDWRITING
STANDARDS?

• Factors to consider in the selection

of standards

THE AMOUNT OF STANDARD

1.At least ten to twenty five signatures
2.Writing- usually four or five pages of
natural writing.
 TAKING REQUEST HANDWRITING
STANDARDS WHERE CHECKS FORGERY IS
CHANGED OR SUSPECTED

1.Furnish subjects with check blanks similar to

the questioned check/s.
2.Dedicate the entries to be made on specimen
checks as follows:
– Date- same as showed as questioned check
– Payee- -do-
– Amount- -do-
– Signature -do-
– Any other handwriting shown on questioned
check.
3.Give subject to help or suggestions in
completing specimen checks.
 MISCELLANEOUS
• The laboratory should be informed of the age
apparent health and physical condition of time
standards are written.

• Do not fold, staple or pin documents:handle

questioned document with care.

• Indicate in the sample handwriting the time,

place , date, signature of the writer as well
as witness of the handwriting.
STANDARD WRITING WHICH ARE ADMISSIBLE

FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES:

• Standard writing witnessed

• Standard writings admitted
• Record maintained in regular course
of business as standard writings
• Government document as standard
writings-
• Ancient writings

• Familiarity sometimes establishes

standard writings
 SIGNATURE
• Name of a person written by him/her
in a document as a sign of
acknowledgment.
• Name or a mark that a person puts at
the end of a document to attest that
he is its author or that he ratified
its contents.
TYPES OF SIGNATURES
• FORMAL (a.k.a CONVENTIONAL or
COPYBOOK FORM) – complete correct
signature for an important document such
as will.
• INFORMAL (CURSORY) – usually for
routine documents and personal and
regular correspondence.
• CARELESS SCRIBBLE – for the mail
carrier, delivery or the autograph
collector, or used for jotting quick notes.
 SUBSTITUTUES FOR
HANDLING DOC.EXAM
1. PHOTOMICROGRPHY
– Enlarged image is achieved on the negative.
– 32mm is the magnification that is required
2. PHOTOMACROGRAPHY
• -Magnification is over 10x
• - Uses the phtograph with a microscope
objective and eyepiece.
3. TRANSPARENCIES
– Demonstrate the exact superimposition
of writings.
– A film is used instead of sheet of
photographic paper.
4. FILTER PHOTOGRAPHY
– If writings were made with different
colored inks.
– To provide contrast in preparing
exhibits.
5. ULTRAVIOLET
• USES:
• Inks – emphasize differences
• Erasures- Chemical erasures
• Invisible Inks
• identification of papers- the fluorescent
quality
• Tampering- Alterations in seals, checks
• Counterfeits- receipts, bills
• Resealing Envelopes
6. INFRA RED PHOTOGRAPHY
– Dyes
– Use in dealing with obliterations
– Written 87- filter used with infra red film
• Erasures – Residual ink/pencil in an
erasure
• Burned/Charred Documents
• Faded Documents
• Sealed Envelopes
 METHODS OF AGING
DOCUMENTS

• Heating – oven
• Sunlight
• ABUSE- smear, crumple
• Chemical Treatment
 FORGERY
– term which involves not only a non-genuine
document but also an intent to fraud. used with
fraudulent signature or spurious document.

CLASSES OF FORGED SIGNATURES (CATEGORIES OF

FORGERY OF SIGNATURES)

1. SIMULATED OR FREEHAND IMITATION FORGERY – It is a

fraudulent signature which was executed purely by simulation
rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature.

• DIRECT TECHNIQUE – forger works directly with ink.

• INDIRECT – forger works first with pencil and afterwards covers
the pencil strokes with ink.
3. TRACED FORGERY (TRACED
SIGNATURE) – Any fraudulent
signature which was executed by
actually following the outline of a
genuine signature with a writing
instrument.
• TYPES OF TRACED SIGNATURE
– CARBON PROCESS

– INDENTATION PROCESS – The

document containing the model signature
is placed on top of the forged document.

– TRANSMITED LIGHT PROCESS –

4. SPURIOUS SIGNATURE (SIMPLE
FORGERY) –Forger does not try to copy a
model but writes something resembling
what we ordinarily call a signature.
5. FORGERY BY MEANS OF A STAMPED
FACSIMILE OF A GENUINE OR MODEL

6. FORGERY BY COMPUTER SCANNING

SUGGESTED STEPS IN THE
EXAMINATION OF SIGNATURE
STEP 1 – Place the questioned and the
standard signatures in the juxtaposition or
side-by-side comparison.
STEP 2 – Consider the handwriting
movement or the manner of execution
(slow, deliberate, rapid, etc.)
STEP 3 – Second elements to examine is
the quality of the line, the presence or
tremors, smooth, fluent or hesitation.
STEP 4 – Examine the beginning and ending
lines.
STEP 5 – Design and structure of the
letters .
STEP 6 – Look for the presence of
retouching or patching.
STEP 7 – Connecting strokes, slant, ratio,
size, lateral spacing.
STEP 8 – Do not rely so much in the
similarity or difference of the capital
letters, for these are the often changed
according to the whim of the writer.
• Every person who, with intent to
defraud, signs the name of another
person, or of fictitious person, knowing
that he has no authority to do so, or
falsely makes, alters, forges or
counterfeits any – checks, drag- due bill
for the payment of money or property –
or counterfeits or forges the seal
forged, or counterfeited, with intent
the same to be fake, altered forged, or
counterfeited, with intent to prejudice,
damage or defraud any person …. Is
guilty of forgery.
• Early Forms of Money
• Before paper bills and coins were
introduced, people used a variety of
other objects for money. Early forms
of money, shown here, included rice,
dogs’ teeth, small tools, pebbles, and
shells.
• Dorling Kindersley
• Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008. ©
1993-2007 Microsoft Corporation.
All rights reserved.
Gold Coins
 GENUINE AND
COUNTERFEIT PAPER
NOTE/BILL
• GENUINE • COUNTERFEIT
• A. MAIN PRINT • Generally smooth
1. The fingers will
1. The fingers will hardly feel the
readily feel the main prints of the
main print on the front and back
front and back on
fairly new even on new and
which is glossy.
 PORTRAIT 1. It appears dead.
1. Appears life-like 2. The eyes do not
2. The eyes sparkle. sparkle.
3. The tiny dots and 3. It appears
lines (Vignette) blurred, dull,
forming the details smudgy and poorly
of the face, hair,
etc. are clear, 4. Hair is lifeless
sharp and well
defined.
• E. COLORED FIBERS
OR SECURITY • On counterfeit, this is
FIBERS simulated by printed
1. These fibers are lines, can not be
scattered on the picked off, but can be
surface of the paper easily erased with
(front & back) at ordinary rubber or by
random and can be agitating with wet
readily picked off by fingers.
means of any pointed
instrument.
2. The colors of these
fibers are red & blue
 CARE, HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF QD

• DO’S
• Keep documents unfolded in a protective
transparent plastic envelopes or
evidence preservers. (As alternative, a
large, heavy manila or envelope or folder
can be used.
• Take disputed papers to document
examiner’s laboratory at first
opportunity.

• If storage is necessary, keep in dry

place away from excessive heat and
strong light.
 DONT’S
• Do not handle disputed papers excessively.
• Do not mark disputed documents.
• Do not smear documents with fingerprint
powder or chemicals.
• Do not fold, staple, perforate,
impress rubber or metal stamps upon,
or attach labels or stickers.

• Do not damage by repeated refolding,

creasing, cutting, tearing, or punching
for filing purposes.
• SCHOOL COPYBOOK FORM (SCHOOL
MODEL)- refer to the standard of
handwriting instruction taught in particular
school. Classes of copybook depend on the
standard copy adopted by a writer.

SYSTEM OF EARLY AMERICAN

HANDWRITING:
– Old English round Hand- Italian hand popular in
1840.
– Modified round hand- early edition of the
Spencerian, and very ornate- 1860-1890.
– Spencerian-simplification by the omission of
extra strokes and flourishes.
– Modern Vertical writing 1890-1900
MODERN SCHOOL MODEL
FORMS

• Palmer Copybook- commonly used in

the United States prior to 1980.
• D’Nealian Copybook- commonly used
in the United States since 1980.
• British Copybook
• French Copybook
• German Copybook
MOVEMENT IN HANDWRITING

1.Finger Movement- the thumb, the first,

the second and slightly the third finger.
2.Hand Movement
3.Forearm Movement
4.Whole arm Movement

• MOTOR COORDINATION- The special

way in which the various muscle used in
writing work together to produced written
forms.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HANDWRITING

A. GENERAL (CLASS)
CHARACTERISTICS- system of
writing found among so large of
writers that have only slight
identification value.
• QUALITIES
a. PERMANENT
b. COMMON OR USUAL
c. OCCASIONAL
d. RARE
B. INDIVIDUAL
CHARACTERISITICS- They are
characteristics which are the result
of the writer’s muscular control,
coordination, age, health, nervous,
temperament, frequency, personality
and character.
• WRITING MATERIALS
• THE PAPER
4thmillennium B.C. The oldest written records still
surviving are the Sumerian clay tablets

3,500 B.C. pith (soft spongy tissue of the stem) of the

sedge (grass like herb) CYPERUS PAPYRUS .

2nd century B.C.PARCHMENT. It came into wide use in

the in the city of PERGAMUM in ANATOLIA

VELLUM for special manuscripts.

A.D. 105CAI LUN (TSAI LUN)

Papyrus Scroll
• Thousands of years before paper was
invented, the Egyptians made a paper
like material from the papyrus plant.
This papyrus scroll is part of the
Book of the Dead, from ancient
Egypt. The English word paper comes
from the word papyrus.
• Papermaking Machine

• A large machine in Missoula, Montana,

makes paper from wood pulp.
Papermaking is important in many
parts of the United States and
Canada where large stands of timber
grow.
• Logs for Paper
• Most of the world’s paper is made
from wood fibers. These logs,
harvested from forests in Maine, are
headed to a paper mill.
DEVELOPMENT OF PAPER MANUFACTURING

A.D. 751Arab city of Samarkand was attacked by marauding

Chinese. Samarkand soon became the papermaking center of the
Arab world

A.D. 1150 Knowledge of papermaking traveled westward.

16th century paper was manufactured throughout most Europe.

1495The first paper mill in England

1690The first such mill in America

1798The first practical machine was made in by the French

inventor Nicholas Louis Robert1830.
19th century CHLORINE was introduced in the
for bleaching and colored linen
1861ESPARTO – this is a grass grown in Libya,
also in Spain and North Africa was first
introduced in England.
1800 STRAW
1880 and 1890 SULPHITE modern type was
first used.
A.D 874 OLDEST letters found in Egypt
1890oldest manuscript in England.
 THE PEN
2,000 years B.C,REED PENS / SWAMP REED
1300- QUILL PEN feather of any bird, those of
goose, swan, crow, and (later) turkey
1465Pens of bronze known to Romans, the earliest
mention of “BRAZEN PENS”.
1803The first patented steel pen point was made by
BRYAN DONKIN
1884LEWIS WATERMAN, patented the first
practical FOUNTAIN PEN
1888JOHN LOUD, patented the first ball point
writing tool
1938Hungarian inventor brothers LADISLAO and
GEORG BIRO invent a viscous, oil-based ink.
1962The first practical fiber tip pen was invented by
YUKIO HORIE.

Pencil and Eraser Trivia

1564Graphite a form of carbon, first discovered in the

Seathwaite Valley in England
1795 Nicolas Conte French chemist developed and
patented the process used to make pencils.
1736Charles Marie de la Condamine, "India rubber”
1770 Edward Naime is also credited with the creation
of the first eraser
1839 Charles Goodyear discovered a way to cure rubber
and make it a lasting and useable
material.(Vulcanization)
1844 Goodyear patented his process.
1858 First patent for attaching an eraser
to a pencil by Hyman Lipman
1828,Bernard Lassimone,an invention to
sharpen pencils
1847Therry des Estwaux first invented
the manual pencil sharpener.
July 9, 1895John Lee Love of Fall River,
MA designed the "Love Sharpener.”
1940s Hammacher Schlemmer Company
of New York offered the world's first
electric pencil sharpener designed by
Raymond Loewy
1861Eberhard Faber built the first pencil
factory in the United States in New
York City
1984Gel Pens were invented by the
Sakura Color Products Corp.
 TYPEWRITER
1829WILLIAM AUSTIN BURT the Detroit, invented the
TYPOGRAPHER

1833 French inventor Xavier Progin for a machine that

embodied the principles employed in modern typewriters.

1843American inventor Charles Grover Thurber invented a

typewriter which prints through a metal ring that revolved
horizontally above the platen.

1856Alfred Ely Beach make embossed impressions that could

be read by the blind.

1856 inventor Samuel W. Francis, and patented by him in

had a circular arrangement of typebars and a bell that rang
to signal the end of a line.
1866The development of the first practical typewriter
begun in by CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES and
was patented in 1868.In cooperation with two fellow
mechanics, CARLOS GLIDEN and SAMUEL SOULE.

MARK TWAIN (Samuel Clemens) was among the first to

buy a typewriter and the first to submit a
typewritten manuscript of a publisher.

1897GEORGE BERNARD SHAW recognized the

importance of typewriter when he became the first
playwright to use it as a stage prop in Candida

THOMAS EDISON he forecasted that typewriters

would one day be operated by electricity.
1914The first practical electric
typewriter was invented by JAMES F.
SMATHERS of Kansas City
1933International Business Machines,
Inc. (IBM), introduced the first
commercially successful electric
typewriter to the business world1
1961The keyboard arrangement,
nicknamed QWERTY for the top line of
letters, was designed to make it easier
for salesmen to use the machine
 TYPEFACE
MISALIGNMENTS
1. Vertical Misalignment - characters
printing above or below its proper
position.
2. Lateral or Horizontal Misalignment
3. Oblique Misalignment — The
character leans towards the right or
towards the left.
4. Rebound
5. Off-its-feet
• Much more influential, in the long run,
was the Sholes & Glidden Type Writer,
which began production in late 1873 and
appeared on the American market in
1874.
practical Blickensderfer.
FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTIONS IN
QUESTIONED
DOCUMENTS
How accurate is handwriting analysis?

It is only as accurate as the analyst is

talented. Most professionals claim to
be 85-95% accurate. Compared to
other personality assessment tools
and tests, handwriting analysis is
sometimes more accurate and much
more revealing. It depends on who
you ask.
 How old is handwriting analysis?

Research has found references to

handwriting analysis as far back as 4500
BC. In 99 AD, the Roman historian
Suetonius studied Emperor Augustus'
personality from his handwriting. The first
handwriting analysis book was published in
1622 by Camildo Baldo. Most pioneering
research was performed before 1929 in
Europe. The modern scientific method of
analyzing individual strokes in handwriting
began in 1915 by Milton Bunker
Is handwriting analysis a science or
an art?

It is a clinical science. The Library

of Congress categorized it as a
credible social science in 1981. It is
not a hard science like chemistry. It
falls under the same category as
psychology.
Can handwriting reveal a person's
honesty?
Can handwriting reveal a person's
honesty?
There is no single trait that indicates
honesty.
 Can you tell if a person is a criminal by his
handwriting?

• No, by definition a person isn't a criminal until he

has been convicted of a crime.
• A combination of certain traits can warn of
possible criminal tendencies, but handwriting
cannot reveal whether a person has or will commit
a crime. You can make an educated guess about
the person's likelihood to obey the rules, become
gullible, aggressive, or even steal... but you can't
be definitive about his criminal bent.
Some people's handwriting looks alike.
Is it really?

No, although general appearance may

appear similar, no two people have
exactly the same handwriting. Once
you start analyzing the many
varieties of strokes, you realize that
the overall "appearance" of a
handwriting sample can be deceptive
and that most handwriting samples
have glaring differences.
Can you describe an individual's
personality from examining
handwriting?
No, forensic document
examination does not develop
information about personality. There
is a separate field of study called
"Graphology" which deals with
personality and handwriting.
Can right or left handedness be detected
by examining handwriting?

Contrary to popular belief, there are

three things that can not be reliably
ascertained by examining
handwriting. One of those is the
"handedness" of the writer. The
other two things are the author's
gender and age.
 Can a document examiner work with
photocopies of questioned documents?

This question must be answered on

a case by case basis. If the copy is
of good quality, and if there is
enough information in the writing
to allow an opinion, a copy can be
sufficient.
• END……
1. The portrait printed on the 20
peso-bill is
• a. Emilio Aguinaldo
• b. Sergio Osmena
• c. Manuel Quezon
• d. Apolinario Mabini
2. A genuine paper with a
watermark underneath the security
lacework on the left hand side of
the note is the same on the colored
portrait. The statement is
• a. True b. False
• c. a nor b d. a or b
3. The color of 100 peso bill is
• a. brown b. mauve
• d. blue d. red/violet
4. The making of an impression of a
coin refers to
• a. casting b. counterfeit
• c. striking d. counterfeiting
6. Characteristics that refer to those habits
that are part of basic writing system or which
are modifications of the system of writing
found among so large a group of writers that
have only slight identification value are called

• a. General Characteristics
• b. Individual Characteristics
• c. Characteristics
d. Writing Characteristics
7. A classification of individual
characteristics that can be found
in a group of writers who studied
the same writing is called
• a. permanent
• b. rare
• c. occasional
• d. common
9. A type of handwriting standard that is
written by an individual upon request for the
purpose of comparison with other handwriting
or for specimen purposes is called
• a. Post Litem Motam
• b. collected standards
• c. Request standard
• d. exemplars
10. The following are standard
writings which are admissible for
comparison purposes, except:
• a. standard writings witnessed
• b. standard writings admitted
• c. ancient writings
• d. none of the above
11. The blotting out or shearing over the writing
to make the original invisible is called
• a. erasure b. obliteration
c. patching d. retouching
12. The delicate way in which the various muscles
used in writing works together to produce
written form is known as;
• a. motor coordination
b. coordination
• c. muscle coordination
d. none of the above
13. An instrument that is used in Questioned
Document Examination and is used to recover
three to four or more pages of indented writing
below the original writing is called
• a. Infrared Viewer
• b. Computer
• c. Microscope
• D. Electrostatic Detection Apparatus
14. A conclusion that is not based
on thorough scientific examination
is called
• a. off-hand opinion
• b. opinion
• c. conclusion
• d. inconclusive
15. A criterion for science with correspondence
between results obtained and the truth is
called
• a. precision b. accuracy
• c. analysis d. experimentation
16. The term document applies to writings; to
words printed, lithographed, or photographed;
to maps or plans; to seals, plates, or even
stones on which inscriptions are cut or
engraved. This statement is;
• a. False
b. True
• c. either a or b
d. neither a nor b
18. The “visible speech”.
• a. cursive writing b. handwriting
• c. writing d. writing strokes

19. The act of passing counterfeited coins is called

• a. mutilation b. distribution
• c. uttering d. counterfeiting
20. The reason for punishing forgery is to

a. maintain the integrity of the currency.

b. Insure credit standing of the government
c. Prevent the imposition on public of
worthless notes or obligations
d. b, and c are correct
21. The side by side comparison or
the critical comparison side by side
examination of document is called
• a. juxtaposition
• b. comparison
• c. collation
• d. Identification
22. Paleography came from a Greek word
• a. palios b. palaios
• b. graphein d. graphos
23. The type of forgery wherein the
forger does not try copy a model
but writes something resembling
what we ordinarily call a signature
is called
• a. Spurious Signature
• b. Traced forgery
• c. simulated Forger
• d. Indentation process
24. If the paper bill is counterfeited the
portrait shows

a. Standout out distinctly from background

b. Hair is lifeless
c. Background is composed of multi-colored
fine pattern of lines.
d. None of the above
25. The kind of traced forgery
wherein the tracing is made trough
transmitted light refers to
• a. carbon process
• b. indirect process
• c. direct process
• d. indentation process
26. The kind of forgery which the
forger does not try to copy a
model but writes something
resembling the model signature is
called
• a. Cut and Pate Forgery
• b. Simple Forgery
• c. Traced Forgery
• d. Simulated Forgery
27. When Ms. Delilah took off the
riddling of a 1-piso coin by using a
triangular file, the act of the said
person is called
a. counterfeiting b. mutilation
c. falsification d. substituting
28. Any short stroke, which usually
occurs at the top of the letter
is called
• a. whirl b. spur
• c. tick d. loop
29. The degree of force exerted on
the pen compared to the degree of
relaxation refers to
• a. quality b. rhythm
• c. Tension d. pen
emphasis
30. An interruption in a stroke caused
by removing the writing instrument
from the paper is called
• a. pen lift b. pen jump
• c. pen pressure d. pen
pressure
31. A defect in which a character
prints a double impression with the
lighter one slightly offset to the
right or left is called
• a. off its feet
• b. rebound
• c. horizontal misalignment
• D. vertical misalignment
32. The movement of the pen as it is
raised from the paper and continues
in same direction refers to
• a. covering stroke
• b. final stroke
• c. upstroke
• d. covering stroke
33. If private document is intended to
become a part of the public record,
even though falsified prior thereto,
falsification of public document is
committed. The statement is
• a. true b. false
• c. maybe d. none of the above
34. The term document came from
Latin word “documentum”, which
means
a. to teach b. lesson
• c. paper d. write
35. Since elementary Pilar’s hobby is to
compose a poem although she is a
sinistral , her poems are great and
inspiring. Sinistral means?
• a. Right handed
• b. Left Handed
• c. Both left and right handed
• d. None of them
•
36. In the hand of a qualified examiner operating
under proper conditions, identification by
means of handwriting/signature is certain.
This includes;
I. Sufficient questioned writing
• II. Sufficient known writing
• III. Sufficient time use of scientific
instrument
• IV. Sufficient education

A. statement I, II, III, and IV are correct

B. statement I, II, and III are correct
C. statement I and II are correct
D. statement II and III are correct
E. none of the above
37. The study of handwriting based on
curve and straight stroke refers to
• a. Graphometry
• b. Graphology
• c. Grapholoanalysis
• d. Copybook
38. Retouching a defective portion of a
stroke is termed
• a. erasure
• b. addition
• c. shading
• d. patching
39. Using her personal computer,
Taba Tina with the body of Joyce
Jeminez but the face is her own.
This act of Taba Tina is known as
• a. Surfing b. Morphing
• c. Hacking d. Cyber Crime
40. The earliest way of identifying the date
of manufacturing of the paper, is known
as
• a. Dandy Roll
• b. Aging Test
• c. Water Mark
• d. Bursting Test
41. The oldest kind of ink is known as
• a. Chinese Ink
• b. Indian Ink
• c. Carbon Ink
• d. all of the above
• e. none of the above
42. The color of the treasury seal and serial
number of the Federal Reserve Note is
• a. green b. red
• c. blue d. violet
43. Pen came from a latin word
“PENNA”, which means
• a. Paint b. feather
• c. Ink d. brush
44. Kind of Guided hand signature wherein
the signatory is forced to write against
his will, by threats,
constraints/extortion is called
• a. Inert Hand b. Guided Hand
• c. Assisted Hand d. Forced hand
45. A left hand person is also known as
• a. Dextral b. Sinistral
• c. Central d. none of the above
THANK U !