Section 3.3: Hazard Identification, Assesment, and Mapping

Section 3.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION,
ASSESMENT, AND MAPPING
TEST YOUR LUCK!!
A. Quantative Approach.
B. Qualitative Approach
C. Probabilistic Approach
D. Deterministic Approach
 The subject of hazard is complex and varied that the
bulk of the book is devoted to aspesct of the many
types of natural hazards.
 The very first and most important things that we

need to know and to do to reduce the impact of
tsunami and storm surge hazards in these areas are
hazard assesment and mapping.
Storm Surge (Manila City)
Tsunami (Japan)
Hazard Identification and Assesment
 If you are living in an area exposed to multiple

hazards, you should try to gahter more information
about hazards and the threats they pose.
 Disaster-related agencies , and the planners do this

sort of information gathering and analysis as part of
thier hazard assesment ( Hazard Evaluation or
Hazard Analysis) which required to come up with
risk assesment.
 Hazard assessment is the process of
estimating for defined areas the
probabilities of occurrence of potentially
damaging phenomenon of given magnitude
within specified period of time.
–UNDRO(United Nations Disaster Relief Organization )
 Meaningful characterization includes qualitalive
and/or quantitative information about the
magnitude, intensity of effects, scope of the affected
area, frequency (return period, recurrense or
probability of occurence) predictability (onset), on
duration.
More detailed results can be gathered from scholarly
scientific works that include ;
 analysis of geological, (relating to the study of the earth's

physical structure and substance)
 geomorphic (relating to the study of the earth's physical
structure and substance)
 hydrological data(The scientific study of the properties,
distribution, and effects of water as a liquid, solid, or gas on the Earth's
surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere.)
 evaluation of topographic maps(The scientific
study of the properties, distribution, and effects of
water as a liquid, solid, or gas on the Earth's
surface, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the
atmosphere.)
 aerial photographs (is the taking of photographs
from an aircraft or other flying object. )
 satellite images.(are images of Earth or other
planets collected by imaging satellites operated by
governments and businesses around the world.)
Hazard Identification and Risk Assesment
(HIRA)
Two different concepts.
 Risk assesment involves both assesment of hazards

from a scientific point of view and the socioeconomic
impacts of hazardous event.
 Thus, without the hazard assesment , no risk
assesment can be complte.
- Scientist employs various methods to asses natural

hazards.
Types of Approaches in Natural Hazards
Quantitaive Approach.
 Mathematical functions or equations relating the

hazard variables used are formulated or adopted to
quantify the hazards. Data from the past historical
records and from those derived from basisc science
principles are used to come up with the
relationship between the variables considered.
Qualitative Approach
 Instead of presenting with numbers, this method

uses expert opinion in ranking in relative terms
(e.g., high, moderate, low or 1, 2, 3 and so on) the
intensity or probability of occurence of hazard event.
 This method is preferred especially when data is not
enough to come up with a quantitative evaluation or
when it is not possible to express numerically one or
more variables.
Probabilistic Approach
 It provides an objective estimate of the probability of

occurence of rainfall of a given area or region by
considering past record of events. Probability of
occurence of rainfall of a given intensity can be
estimated,
 For example, by ranking past rainfalls and applying
the appropriate statistical method of analysis.
 For earthquakes,probabilistic ground motion maps
combine the likely ground shaking caused by
earthquakes from all nearby earthquake generator
over a specified time period.
Deterministic Approach
 The use of deterministic hazard assesment avoids the

under-estimation of hazard at a site. For instance, a
seismically quiescent earthquake generator (seismic
gap) has no more potential to cause a large-
magnitude earthquake than the feature that
constantly releases energy in the form of small
earthquakes events. This phenomenon would be
ign0red in a probabilistics approach of estimating
earthquake hazard and the resulting hazards
estimate will not reflect reality.
Hazard Mapping
 Hazard mapping is the process of identifying the
spatial variation of hazard events or physical
conditions (e.g., potential ground shaking, steep
slopes, flood plains, and the hazardous material
sites). T hrough this process, one side of the hazard-
exposure-vulverability risk triangle may be displayed
in hazard maps.
 For information and education campaignes, hazard
scientists and land –use planners, hazard map are
indispensable.
 Hazard map is quite useful in communicating vital
information about the spatial variation of size and
potential intensity of a particularly hazard. It may be
difficult to do risk analysis when using individual
hazard maps with varying scales, coverage, and
information.
Spatial variation of size
Natural Hazards Mapping Methods and
Techniques
 Use of various field techniquess

(compasses, GPS and/or stadia rods)
to stablish location and orientations or
relevant geologic materails, landforms
and structures. Symbols and colors are
used to represent the different features
in tophographic base maps.
 Stereoscopic pairs of air photographs
enable three- dimensional
visualizationof the features of the area
being mapped. Digital Elevation
Models (DEMS) are derived from hidh
resolution satelite images.
 Scientific investigation involving experts from
various fields.
 Landslide hazard mapping, would require skills of

geologic, geo-technical engineers,
geomorphologist. The field mapping phase of
investigation identifies adverse conditions (eg.
Steep slopes) and hazard triggers (eg. Rainfall) that
help define the potential hazard.
 Data gathered from the field historical
accounts, published works, and archieves of
geotechnical data, and form of monitoring
records are used to devloped a model of
futere impacts.
The Overlay function of GIS
(Geographic Information System)
 It displays maps and assigns attributes to map units

(points,line, areas).GIS analyzes data associated with
the map units. It is a powerful tool for integrating
individual map layers, thought its overlay function,
to come up with a hazard map.
 Various hazards maps can be combined to generate
composite or multi-hazard maps.
Multi-hazard map & Hazard map
 Hazard maps and multiple hazard maps are often
combined with critical facilities map (CFM). CFM
accurately and clearly portray the location,
capicityand service area of critical facilities.
Critical Facilities Map (CFM)
 The combination of these maps allows
determination of of areas requiring more
information,which areas require , what type of
hazard reduction measures , and which one need
priority attention in case of a hazardous event.
 If appropriate techniques to reduce any vulnerability

of critical facilities are adopted, disasters can be
avoided or substantially lessened.
Ways of minimizing Vulnerability
 Relocating to least hazardous areas

 strengthening and retrofitting
 Boosting emergency preparedness
 Response and recovery efforts
Figure 3.3-2
storm surge and landslide hazard maps are combined in one
multi-hazard map
Hazard map displays the various hazards from Pinatubo in one
composite map.
Reported by: Marjelyn Castro Andrino
THANKYOU AND GOD

BLESS US ALL!!

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Section 3.

 The very first and most important things that we

 If you are living in an area exposed to multiple

 Disaster-related agencies , and the planners do this

 analysis of geological, (relating to the study of the earth's

Two different concepts.

 Risk assesment involves both assesment of hazards

- Scientist employs various methods to asses natural

 Mathematical functions or equations relating the

 Instead of presenting with numbers, this method

 It provides an objective estimate of the probability of

 The use of deterministic hazard assesment avoids the

 Use of various field techniquess

 Landslide hazard mapping, would require skills of

 It displays maps and assigns attributes to map units

 If appropriate techniques to reduce any vulnerability

 Relocating to least hazardous areas

THANKYOU AND GOD

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