AP Psychology Forest Grove High School Mr. Tusow
AP Psychology Forest Grove High School Mr. Tusow
AP Psychology Forest Grove High School Mr. Tusow
Humans are the only animal with the ability to set goals.
Mental Imaging
We can use our conscious mind to “zoom in” on an
image, or to manipulate it.
Picture a cat.
The Results
Is the cat black? Does it have a long tail? Does it have a
collar on? Does it have short hair? Does it have white
paws?
DEF_ _ _
Answer
Using a technique called priming, psychologists can
have some influence on the answer people give.
This idea of priming is similar to asking “leading questions” in
court, or framing questions by asking them in a way which
increases the likelihood of certain answers.
Unconscious: Freud felt that this part of the mind was not directly
accessible to awareness.
A dump box for urges, feelings and ideas that are tied to anxiety, conflict and
pain.
These feelings and thoughts have not disappeared and are exerting influence
on our actions and our conscious awareness
Freud’s View of Consciousness
Freud’s View of Consciousness
More Freud…
The ego is based on the reality principle
Understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes
being impulsive or selfish is bad-meet the needs of the id, with in reason.
The superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the morals and ethics
of our parents.
Many equate the superego with the conscience as it dictates our belief of
right and wrong.
The ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the
superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation
Freud’s View of the Unconscious
Freud’s ideas have largely lost
support in the psychology
community, but in society as a
whole, they still have lots of
support.
Brain scans of a
wondering mind
The White Bear Experiment
One Volunteer:
Every time you think about the white bear, hit the NO
button on the desk in front of you.
Results
This experiment was done with college students. The vast
majority of them could not speak for a minute without
thinking about the white bear? Why?
Alpha Waves
Slow waves, relaxed, awake
Delta Waves
Large, slow waves of deep sleep
Stage NREM-1
You will not know the exact moment when you enter Stage 1 of sleep.
It lasts only 5-10 minutes and you may not revisit it very often throughout
the night, unlike the other stages which you will revisit multiple times.
You are easily awaken from this stage and will probably insist that you were
never asleep.
You may report dreamlike sensations of falling upon being waken up.
These hallucinations )sensory experiences without sensory stimuli) are
common.
Stage NREM-2
Your brain waves slow down even
more.
15 Increasing
REM
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hours of sleep
Rem Continued
The first period of Rem will
not last long. When it is
finished, you will return to
Stage 1 of sleep and start the
cycle over again.
50
Truth About Dreams
Despite his theories there is no solid
evidence to support Freud’s interpretations
of latent dream content.
There is strong support for the idea that dreams reflect life
events that are important to the dreamer.
Dreams
Why do you have dreams that seem random?
There are lots of “remedies” which may actually worsen the problem.
Sleeping pills: addicting, prevent Rem sleep
Alcohol: Prevents Rem Sleep
Sleep Disorders
Sleep apnea: A sleep disorder characterized by a
temporary stoppage in breathing forcing the person to
wake up.
Roughly 4 % of Americans have sleep apnea
Sleep Disorders
Narcolepsy: A sleep disorder characterized by
uncontrollable sleep attacks.
Does it work?
To a degree everyone is suggestible
20% are highly suggestible
PET Scans
Hypnos: Greek
god of sleep
An Altered State of Consciousness?
We know hypnosis involves a heightened state of
suggestibility, but some suggest it is more of a social
phenomenon.
Some believe the hypnotic phenomenon is simply the
workings of normal consciousness and the power of social
influence-social influence theory
Not suggesting anyone is faking, but rather they get caught up in
the role/moment. The more they trust the hypnotist, and feel
motivated to demonstrate those behaviors, the more they allow
that person to direct their attention
A Diverted Consciousness?
While most agree that hypnosis involves normal social and
cognitive processes, some think it is more than “acting.”
• Physical Dependence
• Physiological need for a drug
• Marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
• Psychological Dependence
• A psychological need to use a drug
• For example, to relieve negative emotions
Harm and Dependence
Dependence and Addiction
Big
effect • Tolerance
Response to • Diminishing effect with
Drug
first exposure regular use
effect
• The body begins to stop
producing these
After repeated chemicals naturally
exposure, more
drug is needed • Withdrawal
to produce
same effect • Discomfort and distress
Little
that follow discontinued
effect use
Small Large
Drug dose
Psychoactive Drugs
• Depressants
• Drugs that reduce neural activity
• Slow body functions
• alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
• Stimulants
• Drugs that excite neural activity
• Speed up body functions
• Opiates
• Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
• Opiates depress neural activity, temporarily
lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs-Stimulants
• Amphetamines
• Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing
speeded-up body functions and associated
energy and mood changes
• Results in short term energy and euphoria
• Eventually reduces baseline dopamine level,
leaving user permanently depressed
• Cocaine, meth
Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
Neurotransmitters carry a The sending neuron reabsorbs By binding to the sites that normally reabsorb
message from a sending the excess neurotransmitters neurotransmitters, cocaine blocks the reuptake of
neuron across a synapse to molecules, a process called dopamine norepinephrine, and serotonin. The
receptor sites on a receiving reuptake extra neurotransmitters therefore remain in the
neuron synapse, intensifying their normal mood.
Psychoactive Drugs-Hallucinogens
• Ecstasy (MDMA)
• Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen
• Both short-term and long-term health risks
• LSD
• Lysergic acid diethylamide
• A powerful hallucinogenic drug
• Also known as acid
• THC
• The major active ingredient in marijuana
• Triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Trends in Drug Use
80%
70
High
school 60
seniors Alcohol
reporting 50
drug use
40 Marijuana/
hashish
30
20
Cocaine
10
0
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Year
Perceived Marijuana Risk
100%
Perceived “great risk of
90
Percent of harm” in marijuana use
twelfth 80
graders 70
60
50
40
30 Used marijuana
20
10
0
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99
Year