Lecture #10 Ideal Gas Law
Lecture #10 Ideal Gas Law
Lecture #10 Ideal Gas Law
The Mole:
One mole of any substance is that amount of the
substance that contains Avogadro’s number of
constituent particles
• Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 x 1023
• The constituent particles can be atoms or
molecules
The number of moles can be determined from the mass
of the substance:
n = m /M
• M is the molar mass of the substance
• m is the mass of the sample
• n is the number of moles
Number of molecules N is related by number of moles
n as
N = nNA
Since pV NkT Eq.1
pV = nNAkT
pV = nRT
where R = kNA is a new constant, called the molar
gas constant. Its value is
pV = NkT Eq.2
The difference between the two expressions for the
ideal gas, Eq.1 involves the number of moles n, and
Eq.2 involves the number of molecules N.
The Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law expresses the relationship between
the absolute pressure (P), the Kelvin temperature (T),
the volume (V), and the number of moles (n) of the
gas.
PV nRT
Where R is the universal gas constant. R = 8.31 J/(mol ·
K).
Since nNA=N
Where n is number of moles, N is the number of
molecules/atoms in the sample and number NA is called
Avogadro’s number.
The constant term R/NA is referred to as Boltzmann's
constant, in honor of the Austrian physicist Ludwig
Boltzmann (1844–1906), and is represented by the
symbol k:
PV nRT Eq.1
PV = NkT Eq.2
The difference between the two expressions for the
ideal gas, Eq.1 involves the number of moles n, and
Eq.2 involves the number of molecules N.)
Boyle ‘s Law
For a fixed mass of gas at
constant temperature,
Isothermal Process
Charles Law
For a fixed mass of gas at
constant pressure,
Where m is constant of
proportionality
For a fixed mass of gas at one pressure and two temperatures
and volume
isothermal
Since PV nRT
For Isothermal process,
T = constant
By evaluating the expression in brackets at the limits and
then using the relationship [ln a - ln b = ln(a/b)], we have
Eq.3
Checkpoint
An ideal gas has an initial pressure of 3
pressure units and an initial volume of 4
volume units. The table gives the final
pressure and volume of the gas (in
those same units) in five processes.
Which processes start and end on the Ans: all but c
same isotherm?
Problem
A cylinder contains 12 L of oxygen at 20 ℃ and 15 atm. The
temperature is raised to 35 ℃, and the volume is reduced to
8.5 L. What is the final pressure of the gas in atmospheres?
Assume that the gas is ideal.
Solution
From ideal gas law equation, we have
Eq. 1
and
Ans. - 4 J
Checkpoint
The dot in Fig. represents the initial state of a gas, and the
vertical line through the dot divides the p-V diagram into
regions 1 and 2. For the following processes, determine
whether the work W done by the gas is positive, negative, or
zero: (a) the gas moves up along the vertical line, (b) it
moves down along the vertical line, (c) it moves to
anywhere in region 1, and (d) it moves to anywhere in
region 2.
Ans. (a) 0;
(b) 0;
(c) negative;
(d) positive
Checkpoint
The dot in Fig. represents the initial state of a gas, and the
isotherm through the dot divides the p-V diagram into
regions 1 and 2. For the following processes, determine
whether the change Eint in the internal energy of the gas is
positive, negative, or zero: (a) the gas moves up along the
isotherm, (b) it moves down along the isotherm, (c) it
moves to anywhere in region 1, and
(d) it moves to anywhere in region 2.
Answer
(a) 0;
(b) 0;
(c) negative;
(d) positive
HRW 18P (5th ed.). A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the
cyclic process abca shown in the figure; at point a, T = 200 K. (a)
How many moles of gas are in the sample? What are (b) the
temperature of the gas at point b, (c) the temperature of the gas at
point c, and (d) the net heat added to the gas during the cycle?
PV nRT
p AVA
(a) n 1.5 mol. Eint Q W
RTA
b
Pressure (kN/m2)
pBVB 7.5
3
(b) TB 1.8 10 K
nR
pC VC 2
(c) TC 6.0 10 K 2.5 a c
nR
(d) Cyclic process ∆Eint = 0 1.0 3.0