Ch.1,214-FOU 5
Ch.1,214-FOU 5
Ch.1,214-FOU 5
CHEM-214
1 m = 100 cm = 10 dm = 1000 mm
Energy : J = Kg m2 s-2
Temperature : Kelvin , K
States of gases:
• The state of a pure gas, for is specified by giving its volume, V,
amount of substance (number of moles), n, pressure, p, and
temperature, T.
• n : number of moles
PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
Barometer:
• The column of air is pressing
on the surface of Hg at sea level
resulting in moving Hg inside
the Hg column up ( h α pex )
external
pressure, pex vacuum
h
h
ρ: density of the ρ
fluid
pgas = pex - h ρ g pgas = h ρ g
(g = acceleration of gravity)
V = h.A ρ = m/v
p hg
Ρ = density
g = Gravity acceleration
h = height
Derivation
V
Mass of a column of a liquid = ρ . h . A
T
p hg
pex pex
Boyle’s law:
At constant temperature, the pressure of fixed amount of gas is
inversely proportional to its volume:
1 1 cont.
p , V , p , pV constant
V p V
(at constant T & n)
The gas laws
Boyle’s law: p
p1 V1 p Isotherm
p1V1 p2V2 or
p2 V2
T
increases
V
The gas laws
Charles’s law:
The volume of fixed amount of gas at constant pressure is
proportional to the temperature, T, (the volume increases linearly
with T at low p)
Charles’s law V
p V
const. , const.
T T
p1 p2 V1 V2 T
,
T1 T2 T1 T2
p
p1 T1 V1 T1
,
p2 T2 V2 T2
T
An ideal gas : is a theoretical gas composed of a set of randomly
moving, non-interacting .point particles
p V = const. n T PV=nRT
pV=nRT p = nRT/V
p1/T2 = p2/T2
100/300 = p2/500
p2 = 167 atm
Dalton’s law of partial pressures:
Pressure is proportional to the
number of mole
Idea gas theory do not care about the nature of gas that
you have
Ex: ( 1.3 p.13 )
The mass percentage composition of dry air at sea level is
approximately N2 : 75.5 , O2 : 23.2 , Ar : 1.3. What is the
partial pressure of each component when the total pressure is
1.00 atm?
Real gases
Real gases – as opposed to a perfect or ideal gas – exhibit properties that cannot be explained
entirely using the ideal gas law. To understand the behaviour of real gases, the following must be
taken into account:
compressibility effects;
variable specific heat capacity;
van der Waals forces;
non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects;
pV nRT pV ZnRT
deal gas is based on assumption that are not correct ( exp. no interaction between atoms)
therefore PV/T is not constant for real gas . This ratio can change.
PV = nRT
Real gases
1- Gases molecules occupy space
2- There are interaction between gases molecules
3- No elasticity
(a) The Compression Factor, Z
2
pressure Z= 1 + B’P + C’P + ….
2
volume Z= 1 + B/V + C/V + ….
At low pressure or high volumes Z = 1, which represent an ideal gas
(d) Critical Constants
The van der Waals equation
Water molecules has a lot of type of interaction between them (hydrogen bending Van
der The van der Waals interaction and dipole-dipole interaction
The van der Waals equation
For real gas, there are attractive and repulsive interactions:
2
nRT n p
RT a
2
p a Or in terms of
V nb V molar volume: Vm b Vm
- where a is the amount of attractive force and b is the incompressible volume
The features of van der Waals equation
1) Perfect gas isotherms are obtained at high temperature
and large Vm :
when T is high, the term (RT/Vm-b) may be so large and
exceeds the second term. Also, when Vm is larger than b
(Vm >> b), then: “p = RT/Vm” the perfect gas equation.
• It is known that an inflexion of this type occurs when both the 1st
and 2nd derivatives of van der Waals equation are zero:
dp RT 2a d 2
p 2RT 6a
1st : 0 2 nd : 2 0
dVm Vm b Vm
2 3
dVm Vm b Vm
3 4
• The solution of these two equations at the critical point results in:
a 8a
Vc 3b pc Tc
27b 2 27 Rb
RT a
p 2 Introducing the reduced variables
Vm b Vm
RTrTc a
pr pc 2 2 We have : Vc 3b pc
a
Tc
8a
VrVc b Vr Vc 27b 2 27Rb
a pr 8aTr a 8Tr 3
2 2 pr 2
27b 2
27b(3bVr b) 9b Vr 3Vr 1 Vr
- This equation does not depend on a & b which are different for different gas.
Therefore, only one curve is observed for all gases if Vr & Tr are the same
Exercises & Problems
• Exercises
• 1.1(b), 1.7(b), 1.9(b), 1.10(b), 1.16(b), 1.17(b),
1.21(b).
• Problems
• 1.7, 1.9, 1.13, 1.25, 1.27.