DNA Replication: Ligase, and Topoisomerase
DNA Replication: Ligase, and Topoisomerase
DNA Replication: Ligase, and Topoisomerase
• Creates a complementary
strand of RNA
= mRNA transcript
Stages of Transcription:
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Stages of Transcription:
Initiation
• RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the
promoter (TATA box)
• Separates DNA strands, to obtain the single-strand
template needed for transcription
Stages of Transcription:
Elongation
• RNA polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides
• The chain grows from 5’ to 3’
• This RNA transcript carries the same information as the
non-template strand DNA however, it contains the base
uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
Stages of Transcription:
Termination
• Terminators – sequences along the DNA strand, signals that
RNA is complete
• Causes the transcript to be released from the RNA
polymerase
mRNA processing:
Splicing
• Removal of introns from the mRNA transcript
• Spliceosome – locates introns, cuts them, fuses the
remaining parts of the mRNA
mRNA processing:
Protection
• Nucleotide sequences are added to each end of the
mRNA
• Protection from degradation that can occur outside of the
nucleus (i.e. enzymes, exonucleases)
• 5’ cap = G nucleotide
• 3’ end = long sequence of A nucleotides (poly-A tail)
Transcription happens for individual
genes. . .
• Cells carefully regulate transcription
• Not all genes are transcribed all the time!
• Transcription is controlled individually for each
gene
Application:
RNA Interference
• Medical therapy used to prevent a number of
diseases
• Disrupt the production of harmful proteins by
intercepting and incapacitating mRNA
transcripts before they go to the ribosomes
CCT CTT TGC ACT CGG ATC GTA CGC DNA strand
Replication
Complementary
DNA strand
Transcription
mRNA
CCT CTT TGC ACT CGG ATC GTA CGC DNA strand
Replication
Complementary
GGA GAA ACG TGA GCC TAG CAT GCG DNA strand
Transcription