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    Sejarah Fisika Nuklir

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    haifania
    Nuclear physics history began in 1896 with the discovery of radioactivity in uranium salts. Over subsequent decades, scientists discovered subatomic particles like the electron, proton, neutron, and discovered the nuclear model of the atom. In 1932, the neutron was discovered, completing the proton-neutron model of the nucleus. Many developments followed including the discovery of nuclear fission in 1939 and the first nuclear reactor in 1942. Practical applications of nuclear physics include nuclear fission reactors for energy generation and the pursuit of controlled nuclear fusion.

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    Sejarah Fisika Nuklir

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    haifania
    16 views27 pages
    Nuclear physics history began in 1896 with the discovery of radioactivity in uranium salts. Over subsequent decades, scientists discovered subatomic particles like the electron, proton, neutron, and discovered the nuclear model of the atom. In 1932, the neutron was discovered, completing the proton-neutron model of the nucleus. Many developments followed including the discovery of nuclear fission in 1939 and the first nuclear reactor in 1942. Practical applications of nuclear physics include nuclear fission reactors for energy generation and the pursuit of controlled nuclear fusion.

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    NUCLEAR PHYSICS

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    Nuclear physics history began in 1896 with the discovery of radioactivity in uranium salts. Over subsequent decades, scientists discovered subatomic particles like the electron, proton, neutron, and discovered the nuclear model of the atom. In 1932, the neutron was discovered, completing the proton-neutron model of the nucleus. Many developments followed including the discovery of nuclear fission in 1939 and the first nuclear reactor in 1942. Practical applications of nuclear physics include nuclear fission reactors for energy generation and the pursuit of controlled nuclear fusion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views27 pages

    Sejarah Fisika Nuklir

    Uploaded by

    haifania
    Nuclear physics history began in 1896 with the discovery of radioactivity in uranium salts. Over subsequent decades, scientists discovered subatomic particles like the electron, proton, neutron, and discovered the nuclear model of the atom. In 1932, the neutron was discovered, completing the proton-neutron model of the nucleus. Many developments followed including the discovery of nuclear fission in 1939 and the first nuclear reactor in 1942. Practical applications of nuclear physics include nuclear fission reactors for energy generation and the pursuit of controlled nuclear fusion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Nuclear Physics History

    Sejarah Fisika Nuklir


    History facts
    1896 Bequerel
    Discovers natural radioactivity in Uranium
    salts. Conclusions – the Uranium atom is
    unstable

    1897 J. J. Thompson
    Discovers the electron in
    “cathode rays” and measures
    e/me
    1898 Wein - Discovers the proton in the “Canal
    rays” of H2 discharge. A positive particle ~2000
    times mass of electron.

    1898 Mdm and Pierre Currie menemukan atoms


    radioactive dari alam – Polonium and Radium.
    1899 – 1903 Discovery of the α, β and γ
    components of nuclear radiation 4
    He

    e
    1900 – 1910 Thomson model of
    the atom prevailed

    Proton charge evenly


    distributed over size of 1Å.
    Electrons imbedded and
    oscillatory.
    1911 The Nuclear Hypothesis. Rutherford postulated that the
    positive charge of the atom lay in a “nucleus”. The electrons circulated around the
    nucleus to form the atom. Moreover Rutherford and his coworkers tested this model
    experimentally by scattering alpha particles from the nucleus. The data confirmed
    the nuclear model and not the Thompson model.

    Rutherford

    Nuclear radius less than 10 15 m =1fm= 1 Fermi

    Charge on nucleus = atomic number =Z


    1913 Bohr publishes the first quantum theory of
    the H-atom based on the nuclear model

    1911 – 1932 Electron + Protons model of nucleus

    Selama tahun 1920 model ini


    datang di bawah kritik dari
    banyak ahli fisika
    (i) Bagaimana bisa elektron
    dibatasi

    6 (ii) Bagaimana bisa spin inti


    7
    3 Li 3 Li dipertanggungjawabkan

    3 Rutherford menyarankan
    Spin
    1 2
    bahwa harus ada partikel lain
    yang disebut Neutron dalam
    nukleus
    1932 Neutron discovered by Chadwick

    1932 Heisenberg - formalizes neutron + proton


    model of nucleus
    1939 Discovery of Nuclear Fission – Hahn, Meitner and
    Strassman
    1939 Liquid Drop Model completed
    1942 First Controlled Fission
    1945 First Fission Bomb
    1947 Pi meson discovered by Powel
    1949 Shell Model of Nuclear Structure completed
    (Mayer, Jensen, Haxel, Suess)
    Particle physics history
    Matter equates with Energy
    E=mc 2

    Energy
    Mass

    2016
    Cockroft and Walton
    http://homepage.eircom.net/~louiseboylan/Pages/Cockroft_walton.htm

    • 1931, First artificial splitting


    of nucleus
    • Also the first transmutation
    using artificially accelerated John Cockcroft Ernest Walton

    particles Nobel Prize 1951

    • And the first experimental


    verification of E = mc2
    Cockroft and Walton
    http://homepage.eircom.net/~louiseboylan/Pages/Cockroft_walton.htm

    • 1931, First artificial splitting


    of nucleus
    • Also the first transmutation
    using artificially accelerated
    particles
    • And the first experimental
    verification of E = mc2

    1H  3 Li  2 He  2 He  Energy
    1 7 4 4

    1 MeV 17.3 MeV

    Proton + Lithium Two alpha particles + Energy


    History of Particle Physics
    1935 Hideki Yukawa published
    his theory of mesons, yang
    menjelaskan interaksi antara
    proton dan neutron, dan
    memberikan pengaruh yang
    besar pada penelitian partikel
    elementer.
    Hideki Yukawa (1907 – 1981)
    Teori Yukawa meramalkan bahwa
    ada partikel - Pion - yang
    dimediasi gaya nuklir kuat yang
    mengikat neutron dan proton
    bersama-sama dalam inti
    History of Particle Physics
    1932 Carl Anderson bekerja dengan kamar
    awan bertekanan tinggi dan menemukan
    positron (anti-partikel elektron) seperti yang
    diramalkan oleh teori Dirac

    1936 Anderson juga menemukan “Muon”


    (dikenal sebagai Mu-Meson). Muon awalnya
    dianggap Yukawa sebagai partikel (Pion)
    Carl Anderson (1905 – 1991)
    karena memiliki massa dalam kisaran yang
    tepat ~ 200. Namun Muon tidak berinteraksi
    dengan neutron atau proton. Dan sekarang
    diketahui Pion adalah induk (parent) dari
    Muon.
    Pions decay into two particles, a muon and
    a muon neutrino or antineutrino
    History of Particle Physics

    1947 Cecil Powell dan rekannya


    di Universitas Bristol UK akhirnya
    menemukan Pion di trek/lintasan
    pendek pada emulsi nuklir.

    Cecil Powell (1903 – 1969)


    History of Particle Physics
    1952 First Proton Synchrotron 2.3 GeV (Brookhaven)
    1953 First production of Strange particles
    1955 Anti-proton produced
    1956 Parity violation discovered (C.S. Wu)
    1964 Quark model proposed (Gell-Mann, Zweig)
    1967 Electroweak model proposed (Weinberg, Salam)
    1974 Charm quark discovered (Richter, Ting)
    1977 Bottom quark discovered (Lederman)
    1983 W and Z particles discovered (CERN)
    1996 Top quark discovered (Fermi Lab)
    Today’s Particle physics
    Particle Physics:
    searching for Higgs Boson
    2011 bukti kuat pertama partikel Tuhan (Higgs boson)
    ditemukan oleh para peneliti CERN --- yet to be confirmed in
    2012

    Sebuah 'event khas untuk Higgs boson, termasuk dua foton energi tinggi yang energinya
    (digambarkan oleh menara merah) diukur dengan CMS. Garis trek kuning diukur dari partikel
    lainnya yang diproduksi dan di tabrakan
    Particle Physics:
    searching for Higgs Boson

    CMS detector beratnya mengejutkan ~13.000 ton.


    CMS adalah detektor partikel yang dirancang untuk melihat berbagai partikel dan
    fenomenanya yang diproduksi dalam tabrakan energi tinggi di Large Hadron Collider
    (LHC). Seperti bawang silinder, lapisan yang berbeda dari detektor mengukur partikel
    yang berbeda, dan menggunakan tombol data ini untuk membangun sebuah gambaran
    dari peristiwa di pusat tumbukan
    Particle Physics:
    searching for Higgs Boson

    Higgs hunters: Sebuah grafik yang menunjukkan tabrakan berkekuatan penuh di


    ruang kontrol detector CMS
    BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16116230
    http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2073533/Higgs-boson-First-hard-
    evidence-God-particle-CERN.html
    Particle Physics:
    searching for Higgs Boson
    2012 BIG QUESTION FOR 2012: IS THE HIGGS BOSON
    REAL?

    Keberadaan partikel Higgs boson akan dibuktikan


    kebenarannya oleh LHC dalam beberapa bulan ke depan.
    2012 akan menjadi tahun terakhir dari teka-teki Standard
    Model slot. Tidak ada rumor lagi, tidak lebih "sekilas tentatif";
    akan menjawab pertanyaan besar: Apakah Higgs boson
    ada?

    http://news.discovery.com/space/big-question-for-2012-higgs-
    boson-real-111213.html
    Particle Physics
    plot ini pada dasarnya
    menunjukkan energi partikel
    yang terdeteksi di bagian
    bawah (sumbu x) dan "tingkat
    kepercayaan" (CL) ke sisi (y-
    axis). Garis melengkung
    putus-putus, (dalam band
    hijau), adalah energi dari
    partikel yang secara teoritis
    akan terdeteksi jika Higgs
    boson tidak ada.

    Namun, garis bergelombang gelap merupakan partikel yang terdeteksi oleh detektor
    ATLAS. Seperti yang Anda lihat, baris ini sangat berbeda dari garis teoritis –
    lengkungan skyrockets di sekitar 125 GeV (Giga-electronvolts), sekitar 125-kali massa-
    energi satu proton - melanggar penghalang hijau (mewakili " 1-sigma ") dan
    penghalang kuning (mewakili" 2-sigma "). Bahkan, puncak ini merupakan "2,4 sigma"
    hasil. Hasil 2,4-sigma merupakan kepastian 98 persen bahwa lengkungan ini adalah
    nyata dan bukan kesalahan eksperimental. Terlebih lagi, lengkungan tepat berada
    pada energi yang diprediksi dari "cahaya" Higgs boson seperti yang diperkirakan oleh
    Model Standar - teori yang mengatur semua partikel dan kekuatannya (kecuali gravitasi).
    Practical Applications
    • Nuclear fission for energy generation.
    – Tidak ada gas rumah kaca
    – Keselamatan dan penyimpanan bahan
    radioaktif.
    • Nuclear fusion
    – Tidak ada masalah keamanan (bukan bom)
    – bahan radioaktif berkurang tetapi masih ada
    beberapa.
    • Nuclear transmutation of radioactive waste
    with neutrons.
    – Mengubah isotop berumur panjang  stabil
    atau berumur pendek
    • Every physicist should have an informed
    opinion on these important issues!
    Medical Applications
    • Radiotherapy for cancer
    – Kill cancer cells.
    – Used for 100 years but can be improved by
    better delivery and dosimetery
    – Heavy ion beams can give more localised
    energy deposition.

    • Medical Imaging
    – MRI (Nuclear magnetic resonance)
    – X-rays (better detectors  lower doses)
    – Positron emission tomography (PET)
    – Many others…see Medical & Environmental
    short option.
    Medical Applications
    3He magnetic resonance imaging of the lung

    Non-smoker Light smoker

    Mainz University and University hospital Mainz, 1999


    Other Applications

    Kencan (Dating) Radioactive


    • C14/C12 mengukur usia plants/animals/
    people yang sudah mati
    – Rb/Sr mengukur usia bumi 4.5 Gigayear (1
    Gigayear= 1×109 years).

    • Element analysis
    – Forenesic (eg date As in hair).
    – Biology (eg elements in blood cells)
    – Archaeology (eg asal-usul melalui
    perbandingan isotope).

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