WHEELS AND TYRES

INTRODUCTION
• Wheels and tyres of a vehicle support the
weight of the vehicle.
• This is referred to as radial load.
• Wheel also transmits the braking and driving
torque. (Tractive load of the tyre.)
• Side load (lateral load) placed on , when the
moving the moving vehicle take a turn.
• Wheel and tyre assembly provides ride
quality, load capacity.
 REQUIREMENTS OF AUTOMOBILE
WHEEL
• It must be strong enough to support the load
• It should be balanced both statically as well as
dynamically
• It should be lightest so the unsprung weight is
least
• Easiness to remove or mount the wheel
assembly
• Its material should not deteriorate with
weathering and age
 WHEEL
• The main parts of a wheel are hub, rim,
spider made of disc or spokes and brake drum.
• The hub is mounted on the axle/ wheel
spindle.
• On the outer rim tyre is mounted.
• Hub and outer rim are connected by spider.
Requirements of an automobile wheel
• Should absorb road shock
• Should carry load of the vehicle
• Should transmit tractive and brake force.
• Be sufficiently strong to withstand the weight of
the vehicle.
• Be enable to roll on the road surface
• Be properly balanced statically and dynamically.
• Should be light as possible
• Be easy to remove and mount
 Types of wheel
1. Disc wheel
2. Spoked wheel/ wire wheel
3. Light alloy cast or forged wheel.
DISC WHEEL
WIRE WHEEL
LIGHT ALLOY CAST or FORGED WHEEL.
 Wheel dimensions
W = width in inches or mm
D = diameter in inches or mm
The wheel is denoted by a code number which
contains the following sequence.
i. width
ii. a letter idetifying the rim profile
iii. Diameter
 Wheel dimensions
• Example
• 5.50 B -13 and 4 J -14
Width W Rim type Diameter

5.50” B 13”

4” J 14”
 Wheel dimensions
• Wheels of the same dimensions W and D may
have different offsets (C)
• Offset measured in mm, is the distance from the
mounting surface to the wheel rims center line.
• Offset may be positive or negative.
• Wheel is in front of the mounting surface is called
positive and behind is negative.
• Wheels of identical offset must only be fitted to a
vehicle.
 TYRES
• Tyre is a cushion provided with an automobile
wheel.
• It is a cover for the tube and provides
protection.
• Tyre-tube assembly is mounted over the
wheel rim.
• Air inside the tube carries the entire load and
provides the cushion.
Cross section of a truck tyre.
 FUNCTIONS
1. To support the vehicle load
2. To provide cushion against shocks
3. To transmit driving and braking torque
4. To provide cornering power for smooth
steering.
5. Provide more comfort with a moving vehicle.
6. Provide effective grip on both wet and dry
surfaces.
 PARTS
1. Liner
2. Cords and plies
3. Beads or ribs
4. Tread layer
5. Side wall
6. Outer rubber covering
 CARCASS

• Liner is a thin air tight layer of rubber that covers the inner
surface of the carcass.
• The liner and plies together sometimes called carcass
• It gives the body and strength to the tyre
• Carcass is the tyre without either sidewall rubber or tread
rubber.
• Carcass is made from overlapping plies, each plies consists
of parallael cords of rayon , nylon, polyster or fiberglass
imbedded in a layer of rubber.
• 4 -6 plies motor car
• 22 plies bus
• 34 plies earth moving vehicle.
 BEAD
• The bead is a bundle of separate thin steel
wires.
• The bead in the tyre fits around the wheel
drum.
• Bead is embedded in the rubber which serves
to prevent the tyre from streching and there
by leaving the rim.
• Bead also serves as an anchorage for the
layers of carcass cords.
 TREAD
• Part of the tyre that is designed to run on the
road surface.
• Thread design is formed by the mould.
• Tread rubber is grooved with a pattern that
will provide maximum friction force and
minimum noise.
 SIDE WALL
• The side walls are two strips that connects the
bead to tread.
• Made of different grade of rubber to absorb
road shocks and protect the cord plies.
• Side walls are relatively thinner.
TUBED TYRE
• Widely used
• Inside there is an
endless tube fitted with
a valve.
• Air inside the tube act
as cushioning medium.
• A flap is also used.
TUBELESS TYRE
• Does not enclose tube.
• Air under pr is filled in the
tyre itself.
• Air-retaining liner inside
• No valve fitted on the
tyre, but fitted in a hole
in the wheel rim.
• Ligter and runs cooler
than tubed tyre
• Nail puncture results no
air loss as long as the nail
remains in the tyre.
 Advantages
• Lighter in weight
• Better cooling
• Air leakage slowly
• Assembly simple
• Comfortable ride
• Lesser rolling resistance
• Improved safety
 TYPES OF CARCASS
Carcass or Skelton of the tyre is 3 types
1. Cross ply or bias ply
2. Radial ply
3. Belted-bias ply
CROSS PLY
• Ply cords are woven at
30-40 degree.
• Two layers run in
opposite directions
RADIAL PLY
• Ply cords run in radial
direction ,ie in the
direction of tyre axis.
• Over this basic structure
run a number of
breaker strips in the
circumferential
direction.
• Material is
flexible,inextensible.
BELTED BIAS
• Combination of two
• The basic construction is
the bias-ply over which
run a number of breaker
belts.
• Belt improves
1. stresses in the carcass
2. Increase the tyre life
3. Holds the thread flatter
against road surface.
4. Increase resistance to
tyre cuts and punctures.
 TYRE MATERIAL
1. Carcass : stapple cotton, Nylon ,terylene
2. Breaker strip : rayon,terylene, glass fibre,
steel
3. Tread : rubber mixed with carbon.
4. Bead : bronze plated high tensile steel wire
 TYRE MATERIAL
MATERIAL PERCNTAGE
COMPOSITION
Synthetic rubber 31

Natural rubber 18
Bead wire 4
Carbon black 24
Other chemicals 13
Tyre cord 10
 TYRE INFLATION
• Tyre pressure depends on many factors
• tyre size, tyre type,speed of operation and
load coming in thetyre.
• Incorrect tyre pr. Causes overheating, rapid tread
wear and unsafe steering.
• Under inflation – severe flexing of tyre plies, side
walls and other components, excessive heat
generation and premature failure.
• Over inflation leads abnormal wear in the centre
of the tyre.
 TYRE WEAR
1. Incorrect inflation,under inflation or over inflation
2. Incorrect camber,castor or toe-in
3. Excessive braking or violent acceleration
4. Wrong steering mechanism
5. Worn king pins
6. Out balance of wheel
7. Misalignment of wheels
8. Wrong loading and over loading
9. Defective brakes
10.Un equal tyre
11.Careless driving , harsh driving
TYRE SPECIFICATION
 TYRE SPECIFICATION
• An internationally recognized nomenclature for
tyres consist of a string of letters and numbers as
follows.
1. An optional letter indicating the intended tyre
use (e.g. P for passenger vehicle)
2. Width of tyre in millimeters
3. A slash ie /
4. Aspect ratio , as a percentage
5. Nature of the tyre carcass ( D for diagonal, i.e.,
cross ply and R for radial ply )
 TYRE SPECIFICATION
6. Diameter of the wheel rim, on which tyre is intended
to fit, in inches.
7. Load index
8. Speed rating
9. Additional marks if any e.g. ; traction,tread wear and
temperature resistance.
P205/75R1485H
Passenger car, section width 205 mm, aspect ratio 75,
radial construction, 14’’ rim diameter , load index 85 (
max. 515 kg per wheel), speed 210 kph.
BRAKES
 Introduction
• Brakes are required to stop the vehicle within
the smallest possible distances and this is
done by converting the kinetic energy of the
vehicle into the heat energy which is
dissipated into the atmosphere.
 functions
1. To stop the vehicle in the shortest possible
time
2. To controlling the speed of the vehicle
3. To hold the vehicle in stationary position
 REQUIREMENTS
• Brakes should stop the vehicle within a
reasonable distance
• Should be very reliable to promote highest
degree of safety on the road.
• Should not be affected by water, heat , road girt
or dust.
• Should work equally good in all weather s
• Pedal effort applied by the driver should not be
more
• Wear and tear of the lining should be minimum
 Types of brakes
• Brake for automotive use may be classified
according to the following considerations
1. Purpose
2. Location
3. Construction
4. Method of actuation
5. Extra braking effort
 CNSTRUCTION
1. Drum brake
2. Disc brake
DRUM BRAKES
LEADING AND TRAILING SHOE
 Method of actuations
a. Mechanical brakes
b. Hydraulic brakes
c. Electric brakes
d. Vacuum brakes
e. Air brakes
f. By-wire brakes
LEADING AND TRAILING SHOE
FLOATING ANCHOR TYPE BRAKE
BRAKING EFFECT
DISC BRAKES
DISC BRAKE WITH FIXED CALIPER
DISC BRAKE
SWINGING CALIPER TYPE DISC BRAKE
SLIDING CALIPER TYPE DISC BRAKE
BRAKE DISCS
DISC AND DRUM TYPE
Mechanical brake
MECHANICAL BRAKE LIKAGE AND
BALANCE BEAM COMPENSATOR
GIRLING MECH BRAKE
HYDRAULIC BRAKE SYSTEM
 ADVANTAGES (hyd)
1. Equal braking effort is obtained at all the four
wheels
2. The system is simple in construction (absence
of brake rods, joints etc)
3. Due to absence of joints compared to
mechanical brake , rate of wear also less
4. The system is mostly self lubricating
 Disadvantages (hyd)
• Slight leakage of air into braking system makes
it useless
• System is suitable only for applying brakes
intermittently. For parking purpose separate
mechanical linkage has to be used
MASTER CYLINDER
LINKAGE FOR HYD BRAKE SYSTE3M
FLUID CHECK VALVE WITH RESTRICTOR
HOLE
MASTER CYLINDER
WHEEL CYLINDER
BLEEDING OF BRAKE
AIR BRAKE