LESSON 3

At the end of this lesson, the students should be

able to:
a. Identify key events in the development of
international relations
b. Differentiate internationalism from globalization
c. Define the state and nation
d. Distinguish between the competing conceptions of
internationalism; and
e. Discuss the historical evolution of international
politics.
 4 Key Attributes of World Politics TODAY

1. There are countries or states that are independent

and govern themselves
2. These countries interact each other through
diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations that facilitate
these interactions
4. International organizations also take on lives of their
own
 What are the origins of this system?
 A good start is by unpacking what one means
when he/she says a “ country” or what academic
call the nation-state.
 The nation state is relatively the modern
phenomenon in human history, and people did
not always organize themselves as countries.
2 non- interchangeable terms of Nation-state
1. Not all states are nations
2. Not all nations are states.
Ex.
 The Nation of Scotland- has its own flag and national
culture but still belongs to state called United Kingdom.

 If there are states with multiple nations, there are also

single nations with multiple states.
 Ex. The nation of Korea- North and South, whereas the nation “
Chinese nation” may refer to both the People’s Republic of China (
the mainland) and Taiwan.
State- refers to a country and its government
( Ex. The Government of the Philippines)
4 Attributes of a State
1. It exercises authority over a specific population called citizens.
2. It governs a specific territory.
3. A state has a structured government that crafts various rules that
people or society follow.
4. The state has sovereignty over its territory.

Sovereignty here refers to internal and External authority.

 Sovereignty here refers to internal and
external authority.
1. Internally
 No individual or groups can operate in a given
national territory by ignoring the state.
 This means that groups like churches, civil society
organizations, corporations, and other entities
have to follow the laws of the state where they
establish their parishes, offices or headquarters.
2. Externally
 Sovereignty means that a state’s policies and
procedures are independent of the interventions
of other states.
 Ex. Russia and China , cannot pass laws for
Philippines and vice versa.
Nation-an imagined community . – Benedict Anderson
 It is limited because it does not go beyond a given
“ official boundary,” and because rights and
responsibilities are mainly privilege and concerns
of the citizens of that nation.
 Calling it “imagined” does not mean that the
nation is made up.
 Nation allows one to feel a connection with a
community of people even if he/she will never
meet all of them in his/her lifetime
 In a given national territory like the Philippine
Archipelago, you rest in the comfort that the
majority of people living in an it are also
Filipinos.
 Most nations strives to become states.
 Nation-builders can only feel a sense of
fulfillment when the national ideal assumes
an organizational form whose authority and
power are recognized and accepted by “ the
people”.
 Nation and state are closely related because
it is nationalism that facilitates state
formation.
 Sovereignty is one of the fundamental
principles of modern state politics.
 Treaty of Westphalia
 a set of the agreements signed in 1648 to the end
of the Thirty Years’ war between the major
continental powers of Europe.
 Designed a system that would avert wars in the
future by recognizing that the treaty signers
exercise complete control over their domestic
affairs and swear not to meddle in each others
affairs.
 Westphalian System
 Provided stability for the nations of Europe, until
it faced its major challenge by Napoleon
Bonaparte.
 Bonaparte believed in spreading the principles of
the French Revolution- liberty, equality, and
fraternity-to the rest of Europe and thus
challenged the power of Kings, nobility, and
religion in Europe.
 The French implemented the Napoleonic
Code that forbade birth privileges,
encouraged freedom or religion, and
promoted meritocracy in government
service.
 This system shocked the monarchies and the
hereditary elites of Europe, and they
mustered their armies to push back against
French emperor.
 Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated
Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815,
ending the latters’ mission to spread his liberal
code across Europe.
 Concert of Europe –a new system created by
the royal powers, to prevent another war and
to keep their systems of privilege.
 An alliance of great powers.
 Metternich system- named after the the
Austrian diplomat, Klemens von Metternich ,
who was the system’s main architect). The
Concert’s power and authority lasted from 1815
to 1914, at the dawn of World War 1.
 Great powers still hold significant influence over
world politics.
 For example, the most powerful grouping in the
UN, the security council,has a core of five
permanent members, all having veto powers
over the council’s decision making process.
Internationalism- a desire for greater cooperation and
unity among states and simples.
2 Broad Categories of Internationalism
1. Liberal internationalism
2. Socialist internationalism
Immanuel Kant
 a German Philosopher, the first major thinker of liberal
internationalism.
 He argued , the international system would be chaotic.
Therefore, states , like citizens of countries, must give up
some freedoms and establish a continuously growing
state consisting of various nations which will ultimately
include the nations of the world.
 Jeremy Bentham-
 a British Philosopher who coined the word
international in 1780.
 He advocated the creation of international law,
that would govern the inter-state relations.
 He proposes a legislation that would create “ the
greatest happiness of all nations taken together.”
 Giuseppe Mazzini
 an Italian Patriot, the first thinker to reconcile
nationalism with liberal internationalism
 An advocate of the unification of the various Italian-
speaking mini-states and a major critic of the
Metternich System.
 He believed in a Republican government (without
kings, queens, and hereditary succession) and
proposed a system of free nations that cooperated
with each other to create an international system.
 A nationalist internationalist, who believes that free,
unified nation-states should be the basis of global
cooperation.
 Woodrow Wilson
 one of the 20th century’s most prominent
internationalist.
 He saw nationalism as a prerequisite for
internationalism.
 He forwarded the principle of self-determination.
 He hoped that these free nations would become
democracies.
 Principle of self-determination
 The belief that the world’s nations had a right to free,
and sovereign government.
Task Specific International Organizations
1. World Health Organizations ( WHO)
2. International Labour Organization ( ILO)
 This will serve as the blueprint for future
forms of international cooperation.
 The League was the concretization of the
concepts of liberal internationalism.
 From Kant, it emphasized the need to form
common international principles.
 From Mazzini, it enshrined the principles of
cooperation and respect among nation-states.
 From Wilson, it called for democracy and self-
determination
 Karl Marx
 One of Mazzini’s biggest critics .
 German socialist philosopher.
 An internationalist who did not believe in
Nationalism.
 He believed that any true form of internationalism
should deliberately reject nationalism.
 He placed a premium on economic equality. He did
not divide the world into countries but into classes.
▪ Capitalist class- the owners of factories, companies and other
means of production.
▪ Proletariat class-those who did not own the means of
production.
 Marx and Friedrich Engels
 believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to
overthrow the state and alter the economy, the
proletariat had no nation.
 They opposed nationalism because they believed
it prevented the unification of the world’s
workers, nationalism could make workers in
individual countries identify with the capitalists of
their countries.
 Socialist International ( SI)
 A union of European socialist and labor parties
established in Paris in 1889.
 Includes the declaration of May 1 as Labor Day
and the creation of an International Women’s Day.
 It initiated the successful campaign for an 8-hour
workday.
 Union of Soviet Social Republics ( USSR)
 Here, they did not believe in obtaining power for
the working class through elections.
 They exhorted the revolutionary “ vanguard”
parties to lead the revolutions across the world,
using methods of terror if necessary.
 Communist International
 Established by Vladimir Lenin
 Served as the central body for directing
Communist parties all over the world.
 This International was not only more radical than
the Socialist International, it was also less
democratic because it followed closely the top-
down governance of the Bolsheviks.
 Dissolved by Joseph Stalin in 1943
 Communist Information Bureau
 Re-established by Joseph Stalin.
 Helped direct the various communist parties that
had taken power in Eastern Europe.

 The best evidence of Liberal Internationalism is

the rise of the United Nations as the center of
global governance.