Landuse Planning and Conservation
Landuse Planning and Conservation
Landuse Planning and Conservation
CUGEC201
Kunedzimwe F
SCHOOL OF WILDLIFE, ECOLOGY AND
CONSERVATION
DEPARTMENT OF GEOINFORMATICS
LECTURE 1
Landuse Planning and
conservation
• The group may vary in size, nature and internal structure e.g. indigenous
tribe, neighbours of village.
• Effective monitoring
• In case of larger CPRs: Organisation in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises,
with small, local CPRs at their bases.
Open access
• There is no definite owner of these properties. Each potential user
has equal ability to use it as they wish.
• The high land prices made it difficult for many of the new urban
dwellers to find even the most modest housing facilities, which
ultimately force them to live in almost subhuman condition, with lack
of piped water and sewerage and inadequate transport link. Labour
get job, which does not provide enough money to pay for even low
standard housing.
• High Land Prices
• The high rate of land-price in the cities of developing
countries does not yet express the role of land factor in
urban growth. As a result of high land-prices in big cities,
rapid population growth is concentrated in the regions
outside the big cities.
• Transportation:
• Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems.
• Water:
• Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever were common
• Crime:
• As populations increased thieves flourished.
• Fire:
• Limited water, wooden structures, and the use of candles led to many major
urban fires.
habitat
encroachment
• Several suburban and urban developments have
recently come face to face with a problem they
never really considered: wild animals
Habitat Fragmentation
Many times, natural
habitats show a
“patchy”
distribution.
This affects the
organisms that live
there.
However, in today’s world the effect of anthropogenic habitat
fragmentation is probably much more significant.
Equally significant is the fact that many of the organisms in these
habitats are not “adapted” for such fragmentation.
Activities such as “clearcutting” have created a mosaic of forested and
unforested areas in many regions that were once completely covered with
forests.
With the growth of human
population and the increasing
removal of natural habitat,
the remaining wild areas
begin to take the form of
“habitat islands” surrounded
by relatively uninhabitable
areas.
This habitat fragmentation is
an increasingly serious
problem in biological
conservation.
The most noteworthy effects of the
fragmentation of natural habitats are:
1. The formation of isolated patches of
habitat.
2. The increasing significance of edge
effects.
Since the remaining habitat begins to
resemble an island, the ideas of
island biogeography theory are
applied to them.
On small islands, the number of species results primarily from
the interaction of two processes:
Colonization
Extinction
Striped skunk
Blue jay
Common crow
The brown-headed cowbird is a
nest parasite that frequents
edge habitats.
A study in California looked at the number of
chaparral bird species in isolated canyons in an
urban setting. The number of bird species
declined as the size of the canyon decreased.
Interesting, canyons visited by coyotes had more
bird species than those that were not. The
coyotes apparently helped control the abundance
of bird predators, like skunks and domestic cats.
How strong is the island effect for
different types of organisms?
Study in Western Australia:
Slope for birds: 0.18
Slope for lizards: 0.25
Slope for non-flying mammals: 0.39
Many mammals were extinct on the
smaller preserves.
Bandicoot
Estimates are that the Mkomazi Game Reserve
in Tanzania would lose 17 of its 39 species of
large mammals in the next 300 years if it is
separated from surrounding reserves.
Species-area curves can be used to predict how large a
reserve must be to preserve its biological diversity.
For the Australian wheatbelt region, estimates are that a
reserve of 43,000 hectares would be necessary to
preserve all 25 species, and a reserve ¾ that large to
preserve 90% of them.
The largest current preserve is 5119 hectares.
What are the problems with estimates like these?
Based on work initiated by Terborgh, 5000 square
kilometers has been adopted as a rough minimum size
for major tropical forest preserve in the Amazon Basin.
Based on very speculative reasoning, it is thought that
this might reduce extinction rates to less than 1%.
Biological Dynamics of
Forest Fragments
Project
Near Manaus, Brazil, forest patches
have been established:
1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10 000 hectares.
Censused prior to isolation, and will be
studied for at least 20 years.
So, what does it all mean?
Expect to have to address that, in
your own thoughts and words.
• Residents of the Bronx report seeing packs of
• The output from this step will be a project document (or similar
statement) giving the terms of reference of the planning exercise,
including its goals, specific objectives, time required and the
necessary budget
• Define the planning area. Determine and map its
location, size, boundaries, access and centres of
population.
• • Contact the people involved. Before any decisions are taken,
representatives of the farmers and other land users likely to be affected by
the plan should be contacted and their views obtained.
• This serves two purposes: first, it provides the planning team with an
inside view of the real situation; second, it means that the land users are
aware that changes are being considered instead of being confronted with
them subsequently as something imposed from above.
• Make sure that all groups of people are contacted, including women's
organizations, ethnic minorities, pastoralists as well as cultivators.
• At any particular level, the goals may have been derived from
higher levels (from national to district and local) or lower
levels (by the amalgamation of local needs) - top-down and
bottom-up planning, respectively.