RELIANCE FOUNDATION SCHOOL

KOPARKHAIRANE

PHYSICS PROJECT
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

SUBMITTED BY:

Prerana Porecha

XIA

ROLL NO.: 28
 INDEX

1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACLNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM
4. INTRPDUCTION
5. THEORY
6. OBSERVATION
7. CONCLUSION
8. APPLICATION
9. PRECATION
10.BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Prerana Porecha of class 12A has
successfully completed the investigatory project on the
topic ‘ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION’ during the year
2019-20 in partial fulfilment of the physics practical
examination conducted by CBSE .
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my Physics
teacher, Mrs Anju Pental, for her able guidance and
support in completing my project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the principal
for providing me with all the facility that required.
 INTRODUCTION
• Electro Magnet:
– An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magneti
c field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.
• Induction:
– This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
induction.
• Electromagnetic Induction:
– Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential d
ifference (voltage)across a conductor when it is exposed to
a varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is when
an electromagnetic field causes molecules in another
object to flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils),
heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio
transmitter).Finally it is refers to the phenomenon where
an emf is induced when the magnetic flux linking a
conductor changes.
• Magnetic Flux
– is defined as the product of the magnetic flux density and
the area normal to the field through which the field is
passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the
weber (Wb).
φ=BA
• Principle:
– Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a process where a
conductor placed in a changing magnetic field (or a conductor moving through a
stationary magnetic field) causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.
This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an electrical current - itis
said to induce the current
 THEORY
• Invention:
– Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in
1831though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco Zantedeschi in
1829.Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not
publish his findings until later
• Induced e.m.f.s :
– If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be generated in the coil.
This effect was first observed and explained by Ampere and Faraday between1825
and 1831. Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either by,(a) moving
the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or by(b) changing the magnitude
of the source of magnetic flux in some way . Note that the e.m.f. is only produced
while the flux is changing.
• For example, consider two coils as shown in Figure 1:
Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is connected to
a battery and has direct current flowing through it. Coil A is
within the magnetic field produced by Band an e.m.f. can be
produced in A by moving the coils relative to each other or by
changing the size of the current in B. This can be done by using
the rheostat R, switching the current on or off, or (c) using an
a.c. supply for B.(An e.m.f. could also be produced in coil A by
replacing coil B with a permanent magnet and moving this
relative to coil A.)

• Representation:
– Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference (v
oltage)across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic field.
• Working and Construction:
– Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through a magnetic
field because the magnetic lines of force are applying a force on the free
electrons in the conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generating current in a conductor by placing the conductor in a changing
magnetic field is called induction. This is called induction because there
is no physical connection between the conductor and the magnet. The
current is said to be induced in the conductor by the magnetic field.
– One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that
the conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to
the magnetic lines of force in order to produce the maximum force on
the free electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is
determined by the direction of the lines of force and by the direction
the wire is moving in the field. In the animation above the ammeter (the
instrument used to measure current) indicates when there is current in
the conductor.
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the electromagnetic field
that is produced is constantly growing and shrinking due to the constantly
changing current in the wire. This growing and shrinking magnetic field
can induce electrical current in another wire that is held close to the first
wire. The current in the second wire will also be AC and in fact will look
very similar to the current flowing in the first wire.

It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate the strength of

the magnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping the coil around an
iron bar will further concentrate the magnetic field in the iron bar. The
magnetic field will be strongest inside the bar and at its ends (poles).
Lenz's Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it
produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change which
produces it. The induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire
always acts to keep the magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the
examples below, if the B field is increasing, the induced field acts in
opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the induced field acts in the
direction of the applied field to try to keep it constant.

Applications of electromagnetic Induction

Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to relative
movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon
underlying electrical generators. When a permanent magnet is
moved relative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive force
is created. If the wire is connected through an electrical load,
current will flow, and thus electrical energy is generated, converting
the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy
Electrical transformer
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for electrical
transformers. When the electric current in a loop of wire changes, the
changing current creates a changing magnetic field. A second wire in
reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field
as a change in its coupled magnetic flux,
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the
induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are
connected through an electrical load, current will flow.
Magnetic flow meter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically conductive
liquids and slurries. Such instruments are called magnetic flow meters.
The induced voltage , ℇ generated in the magnetic field, B due to a
conductive liquid moving at velocity, v is thus given by:

where ℓ is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic flow meter.

OBSERVATION
Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and published by
Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a
very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its
mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of
Faraday’s is not hard to grasp: it relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has
many far-reaching ramifications
that touch our lives in many ways:
from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to
power our homes.
We can all appreciate the
profound impact
Faraday’s Law has on us.
The principles of electromagnetic
induction are applied in many
devices and systems, including:
• Electrical generators
• Induction motors
• Induction sealing
• Inductive charging
• Transformers
• Wireless energy transfer
Keep yourself safe from high
voltage.

Use & handle lab instruments with

care.

Do not scratch insulated copper

wire while making loop.

Do not use digital voltmeter for

above demonstration .
• Wikipedia.com
• Google search engine
• Physics Ncert book for class XII