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    Biomolecules SC

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    Swin Escobar
    The document discusses biomolecules, which are organic compounds that make up living organisms. It describes four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and function as an energy source. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which are made up of nucleotides and function in information storage and protein synthesis. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids and function as an energy store and in building cell membranes. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids and function in structure, enzyme catalysis, transport, muscle contraction, hormones, immunity, and storage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Biomolecules SC

    Uploaded by

    Swin Escobar
    37 views64 pages
    The document discusses biomolecules, which are organic compounds that make up living organisms. It describes four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and function as an energy source. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which are made up of nucleotides and function in information storage and protein synthesis. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids and function as an energy store and in building cell membranes. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids and function in structure, enzyme catalysis, transport, muscle contraction, hormones, immunity, and storage.

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    Biology

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    Biomolecules Sc

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    The document discusses biomolecules, which are organic compounds that make up living organisms. It describes four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and function as an energy source. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which are made up of nucleotides and function in information storage and protein synthesis. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids and function as an energy store and in building cell membranes. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids and function in structure, enzyme catalysis, transport, muscle contraction, hormones, immunity, and storage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    37 views64 pages

    Biomolecules SC

    Uploaded by

    Swin Escobar
    The document discusses biomolecules, which are organic compounds that make up living organisms. It describes four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and function as an energy source. Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which are made up of nucleotides and function in information storage and protein synthesis. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids and function as an energy store and in building cell membranes. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids and function in structure, enzyme catalysis, transport, muscle contraction, hormones, immunity, and storage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 64

    BIOMOLECULES

    Biomolecules
    (Organic Molecules)

    • Molecules containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen.


    • Carbohydrates (C,H,O)
    • Lipids (C,H,O)
    • Proteins (C,H,O, N)
    • Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P)
    • All are polymers
    • They make up living organisms
    Biomolecules
    (Organic Molecules) - Monomers

    Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides

    Lipids - Glycerol and Fatty Acid

    Proteins – Amino Acids

    Nucleic Acids - Nucleotides


    Biomolecules
    (Organic Molecules) – Polymer Bonds

    Carbohydrates – Glycosidic Bonds

    Proteins – Peptide Bonds

    Lipids – Ester Bonds

    Nucleic Acids – Phosphodiester Bonds


    BIOMOLECULES
    • Carbohydrates
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates
    • Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
    • Empirical Formula of (formula (CH2O)n)
    • Not all carbohydrates have this empirical formula
    (deoxysugar – C5H10O4 )
    • Account for less that 1% of body weight
    • All other sugars have the ending ose
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates (Function)
    • Major source of energy for the cell
    • Immediate energy in the form of glucose
    • Reserve or stored energy in the form of glycogen
    • Support and Protection for Plant cells
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates (Classification base on structure)

    • Aldose
    An aldose contains
    one aldehyde
    group per molecule

    • Ketose
    A ketose contains
    one ketone group
    per molecule
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates (Classification base on carbon atoms)

    Triose

    Tetrose
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates (Classification base on carbon atoms)

    Pentose

    Hexose
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates (Classification base on # of molecules)
    Simple sugars
    • Monosaccharide
    • Disaccharides

    Complex sugars
    • Polysaccharides
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
    Simple sugars

    Monosaccharide:
    “One” “Sugar”
    • Glucose
    • Galactose
    • Fructose
    • Deoxyribose
    • Ribose
    • The essential • Seldom occurs • The sweetest of
    energy source for freely in nature all sugars
    all body • Once absorbed • Occurs naturally
    functions by the body, in fruits
    • Also called as galactose is
    blood sugar converted to
    • A component of glucose to
    each provide energy
    disaccharides
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates - Disaccharides
    “Two” “Sugars”

    Examples:
    • Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
    • Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
    • Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
    Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose
    Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
    Lactose = Galactose + Glucose
    Biomolecules
    Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
    • “many sugars”

    • Complex Sugar: any molecule made up of several


    repeating units.

    • They allow organisms to gradually use energy since


    it is stored in a large structure.
    BIOMOLECULES
    • Carbohydrates
    • Nucleic Acid
    Biomolecules
    Nucleic Acid
    • Molecules of heredity
    • Made up of nucleotide
    • Two types
    • DNA ( Nucleus)
    • RNA
    • mRNA
    • tRNA
    • rRNA
    Biomolecules
    Nucleic Acid (Function)
    Information storage
    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

    Protein synthesis
    • RNA (ribonucleic acid)
    Biomolecules
    Nucleic Acid (Structure)
    Each nucleotide consists
    of three components:
    • Nitrogenous base
    either a purine or a
    pyrimidine
    • A 5-carbon sugar
    • A phosphate group.
    Biomolecules
    Nucleic Acid (Structure - Nitrogenous Base)
    Purines Pyrimidines
    Structure Two carbon-nitrogen one carbon-nitrogen
    rings
    Nucleobases Adenine and Guanine Cytosine, Thymine,
    Uracil (RNA)
    Biomolecules
    Nucleic Acid (Structure - Sugar)
    • DNA contains 2-
    deoxyribose
    • RNA contains ribose
    Biomolecules
    Nucleic Acid (Structure - Phosphate)
    • Phosphate – as found
    in phospholipids PO4
    • Found between two
    adjacent nucleotides
    in a polypeptide

    Sugar - phosphate
    backbone
    Biomolecules
    Nucleic Acid (RNA mRNA :
    • transcribed genetic
    information from (DNA)
    • All used in protein
    synthesis tRNA
    • essential carrier molecule
    for amino acids to be used in
    • RNA includes: protein synthesis.
    • mRNA (messenger)
    • tRNA (transfer) rRNA
    • rRNA (ribosomal) • assembly site for protein
    synthesis in complexes or
    protein and RNA known as
    ribosomes,

    • All encoded in the DNA


    BIOMOLECULES
    • Carbohydrates
    • Nucleic Acid
    • Lipids
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Characteristics)
    • Came from the greek “lipos ”word means fat or lard
    • Insoluble in water but soluble in ether, chloroform,
    acetone & benzene
    • Form essential structures in cells
    • Are important energy stores
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Structure)
    • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Functions)
    • They are rich source of energy
    • Protect and insulate internal organs
    • Build the cell a membrane that separates the
    internal contents of the cell from the surrounding
    environment
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Types)
    • Waxes
    • Triacyglycerols / Triglycerides
    • Saturated Fatty Acids
    • Unsaturated Fatty Acids
    • Trans Fats
    • Omega 3
    • Omega 6
    • Phospholipids
    • Steroids
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Waxes)
    • Have a very long straight chain of carbon atoms
    • They can take up water without getting dissolved
    • In nature, they are found on the surface of plants
    and insects
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Triacyglycerols / Triglycerides (Fats and Oils) )
    • Consist of 3 fatty acids
    and glycerol (alcohol)
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Triacyglycerols / Triglycerides (Fats and Oils) )
    • Saturated fatty acids
    • animal products such as butter and lard
    • The linear structure allows for the close packing
    of the fat molecules forming solid at room
    temperature
    • fats may increase the risk of developing
    atherosclerosis,
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Triacyglycerols / Triglycerides (Fats and Oils) )
    • Unsaturated fatty acids (cis fat)
    • plant and fish oils have unsaturated fatty acids.
    • The bent structure prevents close packing and
    results in oils or fats that are liquid at room
    temperature.
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Triacyglycerols / Triglycerides (Fats and Oils) )
    • Trans fat
    • may be produced artificially through the process of
    hydrogenation.
    • Increase shelf life
    • Increase flavor stability
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Phosphoglyceride / Phospholipids)
    • the most abundant lipids in cell membranes
    • composed of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate and
    a polar head (amino alcohol)
    • Amphipathic
    • Fats Phospholipids self-assemble into bilayers when
    surrounded by water and form the characteristic
    structure of plasma membranes
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Phosphoglyceride / Phospholipids)
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Steroids)
    • Molecular structure
    containing four rings of
    carbon atoms
    • All consist of a complex
    ring structure
    • No fatty acids
    • 3 cyclohexene rings
    • 1 cyclopentene ring
    Biomolecules
    Lipids (Examples) Saturated Fatty Acids
    Butyric Acid Found in perspiration and rancid butter
    C4H8O2
    Capric Acid Used in flavors and perfumes
    C10H20O2
    Lauric Acid Found in coconut oil and making soap
    C12H24O2

    Unsaturated Fatty Acids


    Palmitoleic Acid Found in blood plasma
    C16H30O2
    Oleic Acid Obtained from natural fats and oils
    C18H34O2
    Linoleic Acid Found in corn oil
    C18H32O2
    Arachidonic Acid Occurs in most animal fats
    C20H32O2
    BIOMOLECULES
    • Carbohydrates
    • Nucleic Acid
    • Lipids
    • Proteins
    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Characteristics)
    • most abundant and important organic molecules
    • Basic building blocks:
    • 20 amino acids
    • Consist of chains of amino acids

    • Enzymes are proteins


    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Structure)
    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Structure)
    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Structure)
    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Classification based on functions)
    • Structural - Bones, skin, nails, hair

    • Enzymatic – Amylase, Lipase, Maltase, Protease

    • Transport - Carries oxygen and fats in blood


    (Hemoglobin) and Electron Carrier Protein
    (Cytochromes)
    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Classification based on functions)
    • Contractile - Muscles for movement, move
    chromosomes (myosin and actin filaments)

    • Hormone - regulate blood sugar, increase heart


    rate

    • Immunity - Antibodies fight foreign substance


    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Classification based on functions)
    • Pigment - Pigment in skin, eyes

    • Recognition - On cell surfaces—Other molecules


    (receptors)

    • Storage – Ovalbumin
    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Organization)
    Primary Structure
    • is determined by the sequence of amino
    acids

    Secondary Structure
    • Occurs when amino acids are linked
    by hydrogen bonds
    Biomolecules
    Proteins (Organization)
    Tertiary Structure
    • is formed when alpha helices and beta
    sheets are held together by weak
    interations

    Quaternary Structure
    • Consists of more than one
    polypeptide chains
    Protein
    Enzymes
    Proteins
    Enzymes(Characteristics)
    • Most enzymes are Proteins (tertiary and quaternary
    structures)
    • Act as Catalyst to accelerates a reaction
    • By adding suffix -ase at the end of the name of the
    substrate, enzymes are named.
    Enzymes Substrate or Reaction Type
    Maltase Maltose
    Proteases Proteins
    Carbohydrases Carbohydrates
    Lipases Lipids
    Hydrolases Hydrolysis Reaction
    Proteins
    Enzymes (I. Active Site)

    Active Site / Binding Site - the


    region of an enzyme where
    substrate molecules bind and
    undergo a chemical reaction.
    Proteins
    Enzymes (II. Enzyme Specificity)
    Co Factors - a substance (other than the
    substrate) whose presence is essential
    for the activity of an enzyme. (Metal
    ions like Al, Fe, Zn Mg)
    Proteins
    Enzymes (III. Enzyme Inhibitors)
    Enzyme Inhibitors- are molecules that
    binds to enzymes and decreases their
    activity.
    Proteins
    Enzymes (How Enzymes Reacts)
    The enzyme and substrate are specific to each
    other. The active site of an enzyme fits
    together with a substrate like a lock and key.
    The key is the substrate and the lock is the
    enzyme.
    Proteins
    Enzymes (IV. Factors Affecting Enzyme)
    Temperature
    Proteins
    Enzymes (IV. Factors Affecting Enzyme)
    pH
    An enzyme works best in their optimum
    and definite pH
    Proteins
    Enzymes (IV. Factors Affecting Enzyme)
    Enzyme Concentration
    An increase in enzyme concentration
    causes an increase on the reaction rate

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