The document summarizes key concepts about capacitors. It defines a capacitor as a passive element that stores electric charge in an electric field between two conducting plates. The amount of stored charge is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Capacitance depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and the dielectric material. Capacitors store energy in their electric field and do not dissipate power, unlike resistors.
The document summarizes key concepts about capacitors. It defines a capacitor as a passive element that stores electric charge in an electric field between two conducting plates. The amount of stored charge is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Capacitance depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and the dielectric material. Capacitors store energy in their electric field and do not dissipate power, unlike resistors.
The document summarizes key concepts about capacitors. It defines a capacitor as a passive element that stores electric charge in an electric field between two conducting plates. The amount of stored charge is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Capacitance depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and the dielectric material. Capacitors store energy in their electric field and do not dissipate power, unlike resistors.
The document summarizes key concepts about capacitors. It defines a capacitor as a passive element that stores electric charge in an electric field between two conducting plates. The amount of stored charge is directly proportional to the voltage applied. Capacitance depends on the plate area, distance between plates, and the dielectric material. Capacitors store energy in their electric field and do not dissipate power, unlike resistors.
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Electrical Engineering Concepts
BSEnE - 3 CAPACITANCE AND INDUCTANCE
Engr. Richelle A Aragua
INTRODUCTION • Unlike resistors, which dissipate energy, capacitors and inductors do not dissipate but store energy, which can be retrieved at a later time. • For this reason, capacitors and inductors are called storage elements. CAPACITORS • A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric field. CAPACITORS Capacitors are used extensively in electronics, communications, computers, and power systems. For example, they are used in the tuning circuits of radio receivers and as dynamic memory elements in computer systems. CAPACITORS A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator(or dielectric). When a voltage source v is connected to the capacitor, as in Fig. 6.2, the source deposits a positive charge q on one plate and a negative charged on the other. CAPACITORS The capacitor is said to store the electric charge. The amount of charge stored, represented by q, is directly proportional to the applied voltage v so that 𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣 (eq 6) where C, the constant of proportionality, is known as the capacitance of the capacitor. The unit of capacitance is the farad (F), in honor of the English physicist Michael Faraday (1791–1867). CAPACITORS From Eq. (6.1), we may derive the following definition.
‘’Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a
capacitor to the voltage difference between the two plates, measured infarads (F).’’
Note from Eq. (6.1) that 1 farad=1 coulomb/volt.
CAPACITORS for the parallel-platecapacitor shown in Fig. 6.1, the capacitance is given by 𝐴 𝐶= (6.2) 𝑑
where A is the surface area of each plate, d is the
distance between the plates, and is the permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates CAPACITORS Although Eq. (6.2) applies to only parallel-plate capacitors, we may infer from it that, in general, three factors determine the value of the capacitance:
1. The surface area of the plates—the larger the area, the
greater the capacitance.
2. The spacing between the plates—the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. The permittivity of the material—the higher the
permittivity, the greater the capacitance. CAPACITORS
A.) Polyester Capacitor B.) Ceramic Capacitor C). Electrolytic Capacitor
CAPACITORS • Variable capacitors are used in radio receivers allowing one to tune to various stations. • In addition, capacitors are used to block dc, pass ac, shift phase, store energy, start motors, and suppress noise. • To obtain the current-voltagerelationship of the capacitor, we take the derivative of both sides of Eq. (6.1). Since 𝑑𝑞 𝑖= 6.3 𝑑𝑡 CAPACITORS differentiating both sides of Eq. (6.1) gives 𝑑𝑣 𝑖=𝑐 6.4 𝑑𝑡 This is the current-voltage relationship for a capacitor, assuming the positive sign convention. CAPACITORS • The relationship is illustrated in Fig. 6.6 for a capacitor whose capacitance is independent of voltage. Capacitors that satisfy Eq. (6.4) are said to be linear. CAPACITORS • The voltage-current relation of the capacitor can be obtained by integrating both sides of Eq. (6.4). We get CAPACITORS • Where 𝑣(𝑡𝑜 ) = 𝑞(𝑡𝑜 )/𝐶 is the voltage across the capacitor at time t0. Equation (6.6) shows that capacitor voltage depends on the past history of the capacitor current. • The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is 𝑑𝑣 𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝐶𝑣 6.7 𝑑𝑡 CAPACITORS The energy stored in the capacitor is therefore
We note that v(-∞) = 0, because the capacitor was
uncharged at t =- ∞. Thus, 1 𝑤 = = 𝐶𝑣 2 6.9 2 CAPACITORS • Using Eq. (6.1), we may rewrite Eq. (6.9) as 𝑞2 𝑤= 6.10 2𝐶 Equation (6.9) or (6.10) represents the energy stored in the electric field that exists between the plates of the capacitor. We should note the following important properties of a capacitor: 1. Note from Eq. (6.4) that when the voltage across a capacitor is not changing with time (i.e., dc voltage), the current through the capacitor is zero. CAPACITORS Thus, “A capacitor is an open circuit to dc”. However, if a battery (dc voltage) is connected across a capacitor, the capacitor charges. 2. The voltage on the capacitor must be continuous. The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.
3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes
power from the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when delivering power to the circuit. CAPACITORS 3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored energy when delivering power to the circuit. Example (a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20 V across it. (b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor. Given: V=20 Required; Charge and stored capacity Solution: (a) Since q = Cv, 𝑞 = 3 𝑥 10−12 𝑥 20 = 60 𝑝𝐶 (b) The energy stored is 1 𝑤 = = 𝐶𝑣 2 2 1 = 𝑥 3 𝑥 10−12 𝑥 400 = 600𝑝𝐽 2 Example 2 • What is the voltage across a 3-µF capacitor if the charge on one plate is 0.12 mC? How much energy is stored? Given C= 3-µF q= 0.12 mC Solution: q=Cv 𝑞 𝑣= 𝐶 0.12 𝑥 103 𝑣= −6 = 40𝑣 3 𝑥 10 Stored energy 1 2 𝑤 = 𝐶𝑣 2