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    CH 6

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    toalomari0

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CH 6

    Uploaded by

    toalomari0
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    ch6

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    CH 6

    Uploaded by

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    of 31

    CH6: Capacitors and

    Inductors

    1
    Goals

    1. Fully understand the volt-amp


    characteristics of capacitors and inductors
    and their use in basic circuits.

    2. Explain how capacitors behave when


    combined in parallel and in series.

    3. Understand how inductors behave when


    combined in parallel and in series.

    2
    6.1 Introduction
    1. So far, we studied resistive circuits.

    2. In this chapter, we introduce two new and


    important passive linear circuit elements: the
    capacitor and the inductor.

    3. Unlike resistors, which dissipate energy,


    capacitors and inductors do not dissipate but
    store energy.

    4. Capacitors and inductors are called storage


    elements. 3
    6.2 Capacitors
    A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an
    insulator (or dielectric).

    Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a


    capacitor to the voltage difference between the two plates,
    measured in farads (F).

    𝒒 = 𝑪𝒗 (𝟔. 𝟏)

    4
    5/
    Current-voltage relation of the capacitor
    𝒅𝒒
    i= (6.3)
    𝒅𝒕
    Differentiating both sides of Eq. (6.1) gives

    𝒅𝒗
    i= 𝑪 (6.4)
    𝒅𝒕
    Integrating both sides of Eq. (6.4) gives
    𝒕
    𝒗 𝒕 = ‫𝒊 𝒕׬‬ 𝝉 𝒅𝝉 + 𝒗(𝒕𝟎 ) (6.6)
    𝟎

    where v(t0) = q(t0)∕C is the voltage across the


    capacitor at time t0.
    6
    The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is:
    𝒅𝒗
    𝒑 = 𝒊𝒗 = 𝑪𝒗 (6.7)
    𝒅𝒕
    The energy stored in the capacitor is:
    𝒕 𝒕
    𝒅𝒗
    𝒘 = න 𝒑 𝝉 𝒅𝝉 = 𝑪 න 𝒗 𝒅𝝉
    −∞ −∞ 𝒅𝝉
    𝟏 𝟐
    = 𝑪𝒗 (𝟔. 𝟗)
    𝟐

    𝟏 𝒒𝟐
    𝒘 = 𝒒𝒗 = (𝟔. 𝟏𝟎)
    𝟐 𝟐𝑪
    7
    Properties of the capacitor
    1. A capacitor is an open circuit to dc
    (current = 0).
    2. The voltage on the capacitor must be
    continuous: The voltage on a capacitor
    cannot change abruptly.
    3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate
    energy.

    8
    Example (6.1)
    (a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor
    with 20 V across it.

    (b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.


    Solution:
    (a) Since q = Cv = 3 × 10−12 × 20 = 60 pC.

    (b) The energy stored is:


    𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏𝟐
    𝒘= 𝑪𝒗 = × 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟒𝟎𝟎 =
    𝟐 𝟐
    𝟔𝟎𝟎 pJ.
    9
    Example (6.2)
    The voltage across a 5-μF capacitor is v(t) = 10 cos 6000t V.
    Calculate the current through it.

    Solution:
    𝒅𝒗 𝒅
    𝒊=𝑪 = 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 (𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕 )
    𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

    = - 𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 × 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕

    = −𝟎. 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒕 𝐀


    10 /
    Example (6.3)

    11 /
    Example (6.4)

    12 /
    13 /
    6.3 Parallel and Series Capacitors

    14 /
    15 /
    Example (6.6)

    16 /
    17 /
    6.4 Inductors
    An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire.

    18 /
    Current-voltage relation of the inductor

    𝒅𝒊
    𝒗= 𝑳 (6.18)
    𝒅𝒕
    Inductance L is the property whereby an inductor exhibits
    opposition to the change of current flowing through it, measured
    in henrys (H).

    Integrating both sides of Eq. (6.18) gives:


    𝒕
    𝒊 𝒕 = ‫𝒗 𝒕׬‬ 𝝉 𝒅𝝉 + 𝒊(𝒕𝟎 ) (6.21)
    𝟎

    where i(t0) is the total current for −∞ < t < t0 and i(−∞) = 0.

    19 /
    The instantaneous power delivered to the inductor is:
    𝒅𝒊
    𝒑 = 𝒊𝒗 = 𝑳𝒊 (𝟔. 𝟐𝟐)
    𝒅𝒕
    The energy stored in the capacitor is:
    𝒕 𝒕
    𝒅𝒊
    𝒘 = න 𝒑 𝝉 𝒅𝝉 = 𝑳 න 𝒊 𝒅𝝉
    −∞ −∞ 𝒅𝝉

    𝟏 𝟐
    = 𝑳𝒊 (𝟔. 𝟐𝟒)
    𝟐

    20
    Properties of the inductor

    1.The voltage across an inductor is


    zero when the current is constant.
    Thus, an inductor acts like a short
    circuit to dc.

    2.The current through an inductor


    cannot change instantaneously.

    3.The ideal inductor does not


    dissipate power.
    21 /
    Example (6.8)

    22 /
    Example (6.9)

    23 /
    24 /
    6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors

    25 /
    26 /
    27 /
    28 /
    29 /
    30 /
    Solution: Under dc conditions, the circuit is as shown below:

    31 /

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