EARTHWORKS
EARTHWORKS
EARTHWORKS
Vc = prismoidal correction
Vc = Ve – Vp
Vc = L (A1 + A2 – 2Am)
3
Let us consider the triangular prismoidal shown
below:
h2
A2
b2
hm Am
bm
h1
A1
b1
Vc = L (A1 – 2Am + A2)
3
A1 = b1h1
2
A2 = b1h1
2
Am = bmhm
2
Vc = L [(b1h1) – (2bmhm)+(b2h2)] / 2
bm = b1 + b2
2
hm = h1 + h2
2
Vc = L [(b1h1) – (2bmhm) + (b2h2)] /2
3
Vc = L [(b1h1)–(b1h1)-(b2h1)-(b1h2)-(b2h2)+(b2h2)]
3 2 4 4 4 4 2
Vc = L [b1(h1-h2) – b2 (h1-h2)]
12
Vc = L (b1–b2) (h1-h2)
12
(prismoidal correction to be subtracted algebraically
from the volume by end area method)
VOLUME OF EARTHWORK
V = (A1 + A2) L
2
VOLUME OF EARTHWORK
2. Prismoidal Formula
A1
L/2
A1
L/2
A1
D1 D2
C1 C2
A1 A2
V = Ve – Vcp
Ve = volume by end area
Vcp = prismoidal correction
STA. 10 + 100
Left Center Right
6.45 0 4.5
2.3 1.5 1.0
STA. 10 + 200
6.0 0 6.9
2.0 x 2.6
PROBLEM # 1:
REQUIRED:
1. Width of base:
B + 2.3S = 6.45
2
D1=10.95
B + 1.0S = 4.5
2
1.3S = 1.95
2.3
S = 1.5 Cp=1.5
1.0
B + 1.0 (1.5) = 4.5
2 2.35
6.45
B/2 B/2
4.5
1.05
B=6m
SOLUTION:
2. Value of x:
A = 2(3) + 6x + 6.9(x)
2 2 2
D1=10.95
+ 3(2.6)
2
A = 14.64 2.6
2
x = 1.2
3 3 3 3.9
6 6.9
SOLUTION:
A1 = 13.1625 m2
A2 = 14.64 m2
Ve = (A1 + A2) L
2
Ve = (13.1625 + 14.64) (100)
2
Ve = 1390.125 m3
SOLUTION:
Prismoidal Correction:
STA. A
Left Center Right
6.60 0 4.8
2.4 2.0 1.2
STA. B
6.3 0 7.2
2.2 ? 2.80
PROBLEM # 2:
REQUIRED:
D1=11.40
1. Width of base:
6.3 = 2.2S + B
2.4 +2.0
2 1.2
7.2 = 2.8S + B
B/2 B/2
2
6.6 4.8
0.9 = 0.6S
D1=11.40
S = 1.5
2.80
6.3 = 2.2(1.5) + B 2.2
x
2
B=6m 2.25 B/2 B/2 3.9
SOLUTION:
6.75x = 9.32
x = 1.38 m
SOLUTION:
Ve = (A1 + A2) L
2
Ve = (16.80 + 16.82) (20)
2
Ve = 336.20 m3
SOLUTION:
Vcp = Ve - Vp
Vcp = 336.20 – (2.17)
Vcp = 338.37 m3
PROBLEM # 3:
REQUIRED:
A = 100 sq. m
h= -17.5 - √ 2706
6
h= -17.6 + 52.2
6
h= 5.78 m
SOLUTION:
A = 240 sq. m
x = 10.44 m
SOLUTION:
VE = (A1 + A2) L
2
VE = 17, 000 m3
PROBLEM # 4:
1+040
X 0 x
-1.84 -1.22 - 0.42
1+100
X 0 x
1.098 + 3.05 + 0.5
REQUIRED:
Afill = 11.47 m2
X=6.76 X=4.63
4 4
1.5
1.22 0.42
1
SOLUTION:
Acut = 19.31 m2
3.05
0.98
Vcut = 413.18 m
Diff. = 315.51 m3
PROBLEM # 5:
3.7 0 x
- 0.8 + 1.8
SOLUTION:
REQUIRED:
1. Value of x:
X = 3 + 1.8
X = 4.8
3.7 1.8
1.2 2.5
3 1.8
4.8
0.8
SOLUTION:
2. Area in fill:
3. Area of cut:
REQUIRED:
3.0 4.0
2.0 1.5 1.0
4.5 4.5 4.5
1.5
A1 = 31.50 m2
SOLUTION:
5.0
4.0 3.0
2.0 2.0
4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
A2 = 45.75 m2
SOLUTION:
V = (A1 + A2) L
2
V = (31.50 + 45.75)(20)
2
V = 772.5 m3
PROBLEM # 7:
REQUIRED:
cut
fill
950m 1200m
C = 7800/850
C = 9.18 m
37.54
13.77 10 13.77
A = [(10 + 37.54)(9.18)]/2
A = 218.21 m2
SOLUTION:
1. VOLUME OF CUT:
14.16 8 14.16
36.32
Vc = 218.21 (850)
Vc = 185,500 m3
A = [(8 + 36.32)(7.08)]/2
A = 156.89 m2
SOLUTION:
2. VOLUME OF FILL:
Vf = 156.89 (1200)
Vf = 188,000 m3
SOLUTION:
2. VOLUME OF BORROW:
REQUIRED:
2. Find the area method, find the amount of cut and fill.
1. SLOPE OF ROADWAY:
Finished roadway
1.20
1.40 2.8
3.0
0.20 0.20
60
0+40 0+100
2.8 9 2.8
14.60
Station 0 + 040
SOLUTION:
37.54
13.77 10 13.77
Station 0 + 100
SOLUTION:
A = [(14.60 + 9)(1.40)]/2
A = 16.52 m2 (fill)
A = [(10 + 18.40)(2.8)]/2
A = 39.76 m2 (cut)
SOLUTION:
Slope = -2%
60-x 0.02x
1.40
Slope = 5%
x 0.05x
SOLUTION:
3.
Station 0 + 020
? +3.0 +1.5 0
? 4.5 0 0
Station 0 + 040
? -2 -1.0 0
? 4 0 0
SOLUTION:
1.5 = h
4.5 h+9
3
A= [4.5 (9)]/2
1.5
A= 20.25 m2 (cut)
h 4.5 4.5
SOLUTION:
1.5x 4 4
2= x
8 1.5x + 8 2.0
8x = 3x + 16 2.0
5x= 16
x = 3.2 x
A = [(3.2)(8)]/2
A= 12.8 m2 (fill)
SOLUTION:
1.5 = 1.0
x 20-x
x = 30 – 1.5x 1.5
2.5x = 30 20-x
x = 12 x
1.0
20-x = 8
SOLUTION:
REQUIRED:
(0,-5) (6,-5)
(7,-5.5) (7,-5.5)
SOLUTION:
(13.5,-3)
(-6,-7) (6,-7)
(-7,-7.5) (7,-7.5)
PROBLEM # 11:
REQUIRED:
(0,-5) (6,-5)
(-5,-2.5) (5,-2,5)
SOLUTION:
V = A(h1 + h2 + h3)
3
A = area of base
h2
A
h1
h3
VOLUME OF BORROW PIT METHOD (UNIT AREA)
h2
h3
h1 h4
VOLUME OF BORROW PIT METHOD (UNIT AREA)
3. Assembly of Prisms:
V = A(∑h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)
4
h1 h2 h2 h2 h1
A A A A
h2 h4 h4 h4
h2
A A A A
h4
h2
h1 h2 h3
A A
h1 h2 h1
VOLUME BY PARALLEL SECTIONS:
(Treat the sections as triangles or trapezoids)
A1 = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
A2 = A5 + A6 + A7 + A8
V = (A1 + A2)L
2
h1 h2 h3 h4
1 A5
A6 A7
A8
d d d d L d d d d
h5 h6 h7 h8 2 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10
A1
A2 A3 A4
d d d d
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5
PROBLEM # 1:
4 2 5 5 5 4 2 5 5 5
54 56 58 60 63 65 1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 10.5 12.5
5 5
55 58 59 64 66 2.5 5.5 6.5 9.5 11.5 14.5
5 5
60 63 65 68 7.5 10.5 12.5 15.5
59 6.5
5 5
64 66 69 11.5 13.5 16.5
60 8.5
5 5 5
5.5 7.5 10.5 12.5
5
6.5 9.5 11.5 14.5
5
7.5 10.5 12.5 15.5
5
8.5 11.5 13.5 16.5
SOLUTION:
V1 = 2450 cu.m
SOLUTION:
V4 = 10 [23 + 2(12)]
4
V4 = 10(47)
4
V4 = 117.50 cu.m.
SOLUTION:
V5 = A (h1 + h2 + h3)
4
A = 2(5) = 5sq.m.
2
TOTAL V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 + V5
V = 2673.37 cu.m
PROBLEM # 2:
3 4 5 C
60m
6 7 8 9 10
E 11 12 13 C
80m
SOLUTION:
A. BY UNIT AREA:
A 20 20 20 B
24.8 22.3 20.2 23.3
20
20
C
E 16.2 13.5 12.8 11.5
SOLUTION:
V2 = A (h1 + h2 + h3)
3
A = 20(10)
2
A = 100 sq.m.
20 20 20
20 20 20
20 20 20 10
20 20 20 20