Stem Organic Compounds
Stem Organic Compounds
Stem Organic Compounds
COMPOUNDS
The unique properties of the CARBON
atom will help one understand the
properties of organic compounds.
■ Form covalent bonds
■ Share electrons with may different elements
(H, O, N, and C)
■ Has 4 valence electrons and therefore can
form 4 stable covalent bonds
■ Its ability to bond with other carbon atoms to
form chains of endless variety. (property
called CATENATION) – most unique property
■ Can form a variety of geometrical structures
(straight chains, branched chains, cyclics, sheeets, and spheres)
Hydrocarbon
Aliphatic Cyclic
(Open Chain) (Closed Chain)
Unsaturated
Saturated Alicyclic Aromatic
(ALKANE)
CnH2n+2 ALKENE ALKYNE
(Cycloalkane) (Benzene)
(Olefins)
CnH2n Cn H2n-2
There are ways in which we can represent the bonding
of hydrocarbons
CONDENSED STRUCTURAL
EXPANDED/COMPLETE C4H10 FORMULA
STRUCTURAL
FORMULA MOLECULAR FORMULA
BUTANE
C-C-C-C
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 The 5
ISOMERS
Of C6H14
C4H10
MOLECULAR FORMULA
BUTANE
EXPANDED/COMPLETE
STRUCTURAL
FORMULA
■ Generally non-polar
■ Dominant intermolecular force (IMF) : LONDON
FORCES
1) 3, 3-dimethyl hexane
2) 4-butyl-6-ethyl-2, 5-dimethyl decane
3) 3-ethyl-4-methly-1-hexene
4) 3-methyl-1-pentene
5) 4, 5-dimethyl-2-hexyne
6) 2,5,7-trimethyl-3-octyne
When a functional group is present, the compound is
generally called a HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVE.
Type of Hydrocarbon General Formula Functional group
Derivative
Alcohol R-OH hydroxyl
NAMING HALOCARBONS
1) Aliphatic – a prefix indicates which halogen is present;
change -ine to –o. (fluorine – fluoro)
2) If more than one kind is present in the same molecule, the
halogens are named alphabetically.
3) Number the carbon atoms in such a way that the lowest
position is given to the substituent (branch) that comes first
in the alphabet.
H Br F Cl H
H C C- C C C H 1-bromo-3-chloro-
H H H H H 2-flouro butane
HALOCARBONS are organic compound containing
halogens as functional groups.
NAMING HALOCARBONS
4) For ARYL HALIDE, the benzene ring is numbered to give
each substituent the lowest position number possible.
Naming Alkyl Halides
• The halogen is treated as a substituent on an alkane chain. The
halo- substituent is considered of equal rank with an alkyl
substituent in the numbering of the parent chain.
F fluoro-
Cl chloro-
Br bromo-
I iodo-
Functional group Prefix Suffix
carboxylic acids none -oic acid
aldehydes none -al
ketones none -one
alchols hydroxy- -ol
amines amino- -amine
ethers alkoxy- -ether
fluorine fluoro- none
chlorine chloro- none
bromine bromo- none
iodine iodo- none