HISTORY OF

LITERATURE STUDY

LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECURE
17th- 18th CENTURY

GROUP MEMBERS:
RADHIKA GOEL
EPHRAIM BIJU
HIMANSHI SHARMA
RIYA CHITKARA
 INTRODUCTION

LANDSCAPE STYLE ENGLISH

PERIOD 1600- 1800 AD
Socio political Industrial revolution
Philosophy Romanticism
Concept Spirit, culture, wealth, values

DESIGN SPATIAL
Site Landscape gardening
Siting Country side
Spatial organization Natural view
Function habitat landscape

COMPOSE
Architecture English baroque
Landscape characters Massive scale gardens with eye- catchers
Expression Naturalistic extrovert
 17th CENTURY
 From a European perspective, the 17th century is often
described as the beginning of the Age of Reason, a BEAUTIFUL
period when advances in scientific knowledge FRENCH
GARDEN
challenged beliefs in religious doctrine and Renaissance
order. (Magnifique
 Around 1700, there were noticeable efforts both in English Baroque
Style)
and in French garden design to establish a new naturalness
in the design of gardens.
 The great gardens of the 17th century were ornate,
extravagant, precisely laid out mathematical patterns.
 The foremost exponents of this "ultra-civilised" style were
the Italians and the French, and the foremost gardener
was Andre Le Notre, who laid out the gardens at
Versailles for Louis XIV. 
 Large-scale views were part of the drama and idea of
mobility that characterized Baroque styles.
 Politically and culturally, emphasis shifted to France,
where the garden became a venue for spectacle,
employed as a symbol of the absolutism of the Sun King.
 Some of the world’s most illustrious gardens, such as the
Taj Mahal, Katsura Imperial Villa, and Versailles, were
created in the 17th century,
 Landscape paintings offered an artistic concept and a
model for poetic mood, but no template was directly GARDENS AT
adopted from them. The classical temples, exedras and VERSAILLES
grottos in the early English landscape gardens of the 1730s
to the 1750s transformed the gardens in the perception of
walkers into intellectual and associative free spaces.
GARDENS OF KATSURA IMPERIAL VILLA

Detached palace

The Shokin-tei Pavilion Bridge edged with moss

 17th CENTURY - Straight lines!
 In the 17th century, the landscape was ordered by geometries that expressed the power and authority of humans over
nature.
 Whether through monumental axes or lines of sight, as char baghs or with borrowed scenery, gardens extended into the
landscape, literally and figuratively.

SHAKKEI HIDE AND SUBDIVISION EXTENSION

Mughal gardens French gardens of ILLUSION
Distant REVEAL Perspective was
landscapes are Space unfolds are characterized the 17th century
by the four- were projected manipulated in
“borrowed” and incrementally as Italian Baroque
incorporated into various focal square paradise into the landscape
form. through gardens to create
the pictorial points capture theatrical effects
composition of the viewer’s The recursive monumental axes.
subdivision of the Vistas merged and a sense of
Japanese stroll attention and mystery.
gardens. Views imagination four-square with the horizon.
are framed by geometry creates
vegetation, and interesting
garden elements patterns and
strategically modulations of
placed in the space.
foreground help
place the viewer
in the scene.
 18th CENTURY
 From the very late 17th century to the early 19th, the English
garden design style and the landscape garden movement became
the most emblematic cultural achievement of England, and have
also motivated the development of urban planning and public
policy.
 The English “landscape” garden created a new lens through which
we see nature. The influence of Chinese garden styles on English
trends is examined in this chapter, as is the effect of the landscape The paintings of Claude Lorrain inspired
garden on early American landscape design. Stourhead and other English landscape gardens

 The English landscape garden is a style of “landscape" garden

which emerged in England  in the early 18th century, and spread
across Europe, replacing the more formal, symmetrical French
formal garden of the 17th century as the principal gardening style of
Europe
 The English garden presented an idealized view of nature.
 It drew inspiration from paintings of landscapes by Claude Larraine
and Nicolas poussin, and, in the Anglo-Chinese garden, from the
classic Chinese garden  of the East. 
 The English garden usually included a lake, sweeps of gently rolling
lawns set against groves  of trees, and recreations of classical
temples, gothic ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture,
designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape.
 By the end of the 18th century the English garden was being imitated
by the French landscape garden.
 It also had a major influence on the form of the public parks and
A French
gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century. estate 18th
  The English landscape garden was centered on the English country century
house. park
CHRONOLOGY
 DESIGN ELEMENTS

Lakes/ponds Bridges Pavilions

Topiary Grottoes Tree groves

Gazebo Sculptures Lawns Pergola

ENGLISH LANDSCAPE- CHARACTERISTICS
•Filled with Eye-Catchers
•Romantic Elements
•Symmetry of Colors
•Gently Rolling Ground & Water
•Wooden Arbors,
•Pergolas, Gazebos
•Formal Planters, Raised Ornamental Stone Pots
• Bright Colored Flowers
•Grottos - Hideouts Build to Resemble a Natural Cave
• Sculptures - Strategically Placed to Provide Views
•Tea Pavilions & Sham Ruins
•Influenced by Chinese Landscape Gardens
•Still Ponds Reflecting Surrounding Landscape
•Lakes - Meandering & Irregular Edges

•Man Made Lakes Appears to be Natural

•Woodland Background With Clumps of Trees
•Outlier Groves Rolling Lawns - Surprises Around
Mounds, Niches
•Tree Groves Spread Throughout Garden
•Strong Lines of Pathways
•Pathways Closed to Water Edges
 EXAMPLES OF LANDSCAPE
 Stowe in Buckinghamshire 
• The most famous early English landscape
garden.
• The garden was created in a number of phases from the
second decade of the 18th century.
• Numerous temples and structures that were erected
in the garden of Stowe appear to reference the family
name of the owner.

• The architect Sir John Vanbrugh who built the first

Monopteros (round temple) in the garden, the so-called
“Rotunda”

• Lancelot Brown expanded the complex up to 1751.

• Kent’s “Elysian Fields” and Brown’s “Grecian Valley” are a

classical grove and a Greek valley replete with allusions
and juxtapositions of antiquity and the modern period, of
past virtue and the modern political example
 EXAMPLES OF LANDSCAPE

The garden of Stourhead

• It is another example of medial transfer
from painting to a garden.
• Henry Hoare , the owner of the garden,
spent the period 1738–1741 on a grand
tour in Italy.
• In 1743, he began arranging the garden
complex, which was created away from the
country house as a separate spatial creation
around a specially-dammed lake.
[In the photo we see the Temple of Flora [left], the
bridge and the church.] • Stourhead is a lush-green southern English
landscape that in the eyes and emotions of
the artistically cultivated observer and
• Lakeside features include the five-
walker.
arched Palladian Bridge at the
eastern extremity of the lake.

• The Rockwork Bridge over the road

to the south of the lake and to the
west the grotto and the Gothic
Cottage summerhouse.
 EXAMPLES OF LANDSCAPE
The garden of Blenheim
• The transfer of military action into peaceful
design and also the paradox of the mutually
referential relationship between the
fortress and the garden are demonstrated
by practically all of the war heroes of the
War of the Spanish Succession and their
building plans after the end of the war.

• Landscaped by Capability Brown in the 18th

century, the 80 acres of formal garden see
half a million visitors every year

• In addition to the lake and the rose garden,

one of the main attractions for visitors is the
'secret' garden created by the 10th Duke of
Marlborough in 1951 but left untouched
after his death in the 1970s.
 EXAMPLES OF LANDSCAPE

Gardens in Kew near London

• In Kew near London, the royal architect William
Chambers created a garden in which he realized his idea
that the English landscape garden was essentially
inspired by Chinese examples.
• The “Pagode” in Kew Gardens served as an example for
numerous Chinese buildings in gardens on the European
continent (including in Munich). From the 18th century
onward, Kew had the most important botanical garden in
Europe after Paris and Versailles.
• Through his work on Chinese architecture, art and
gardens, Chambers made important contributions to the
discussion about the origin and forms of the landscape
garden .
• Chambers explained that
the irregular garden style
was invented in China in
his view.
 VOCABULARY

Renaissance:-the revival of European art and literature under the influence of classical
models in the 14th–16th centuries.
Baroque:-elating to or denoting a style of European architecture, music, and art of the
17th and 18th centuries that followed Mannerism and is characterized by ornate
detail.
Vistas:-a long, narrow view as between rows of trees or buildings, especially one closed
by a building or other structure.
Picturesque:-visually attractive, especially in a quaint or charming way.
Topiary:-the art or practice of clipping shrubs or trees into ornamental shapes.
Allusion:-an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it
explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.
Grottoes:-a small picturesque cave, especially an artificial one in a park or garden.

Juxtapositions:-the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with
contrasting effect.

Chronology:-the arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.