S E X

O F
I C S I O N
ET NA T
G E N M I
T E R
DE
GROUP 5
FITRAH RAHMITA M (1714440001)
IRMA LESTARY SYUKUR (1714442008)
STEVHANI FEBRYANINGSIH (1714441004)
ZANNURAIN MUSLIMIN (1714441005)

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GENDER
DETERMINATION
Sex determination is the process of
determining sex in living things based on
sex chromosomes. There are several types
of sex determination in organisms
The presence of x and y chromosomes in
the human body determines sex. Men have
X and Y chromosomes, while women have
2 chromosomes, namely X and X
This underlies the assumption that in the
process of conception, it is the man who
determines the sex of a child. Females are
only able to provide the X chromosome,
whereas males can provide both (X or Y).
 Sex differences are
influenced by
• Environmental factor
Physiological state hormone levels / circulation is not balanced
phenotypic changes
• Genetic Factors
Genetic material in chromosomes sex differences in chromosome
composition
Different types of
gender determination
I. XY type
In Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies has
8 chromosomes
6 Autosomes (6 A or 3 AA)
2 Sex chromosomes: (XX & XY)

3 AAXX = female (Homogametic)

3 AAXY = Male (Heterogametic)
• Under normal circumstances female flies form one kind of haploid egg cell
(3AX), after being fertilized it becomes diploid
• Male flies form 2 kinds of haploid spermatozoa (3AX) and (3AY)

Sometimes during meiosis, a pair of sex chromosomes do not separate

themselves but remain together (Non-disjunction), and make 2 kinds of eggs
3AXX (carrying 2 chromosomes) and 3A0 (without X chromosomes): 3AXX
and 3A0
 Fertilization of a Disjunctional Egg

3AXX + 3AX produces 3AXX + 3AY

3AAXXX produces 3AAXXY
(super female flies) (fertile female flies)

3A0 + 3AY yields 3A0 + 3AX

3AAY0 (LETAL) produces
33AAX0 (sterile
male flies)
 Abnormalities in the drosophila
Ginandromorphous flies, flies whose body Super male flies, the real fly
consists of half the tissue of female flies while will become male flies but
the other half consists of male fly tissue. triploid (3n) for autosomes
These flies do not have a chromosome (3AAAXY) and sterile.
formula.

Intersex flies, flies whose body Flies with an X chromosome

tissue is a mosaic (an irregular attached are female flies but
mixture) of the tissues of both X chromosomes are
female and male flies. This fly attached to one end or an X-
is sterile. Triploid on autosome chromosome attached with
3n (3AAAXX) the formula 3AAXXY.
 Balancing Theory of Sex Determination

In general, XX flies are female and XY male,

but in fact with the presence of
nondisjunction, it is not always the Y
chromosome in flies that does not have an
effect on gender determination, in fact:
• C.B.'s investigation Bridges in the
• 3 AAXXY flies have a Y chromosome, but
Drosophila fly stated that the female
this fly is female
determinant is present in the -X
• The 3 AAXO fly does not have a Y
chromosome while the male
chromosome but this fly is male
determinant is present in the
autosome. In connection with this,
Bridges argues that sex in Drosophila
fruit flies is more precisely based on a
balancing theory of sex determination
of the number of X chromosomes /
number of autosomal sets (X / A).
 In Humans

The human body's cell nucleus A male has 22 pairs of

contains 46 chromosomes, autosomes 1 + X-
consisting of 44 (= 22 pairs) of chromosomes + Y-
autosomes and 2 (= 1 pair) of chromosomes (22AAXY). The
sex chromosomes. male forms 2 types of
spermatozoa:

• Spermatozoa have 22
A woman has 22 pairs of autosomes and one (22AX)
autosomes and 1 pair of X- is called gynospermium
chromosomes (22AAXX) • Spermatozoa have 22
autosomes and one (22AY)
is called androspermium
The Lyon Hypothesis
Mary F. Lyon (1962) argues that sex chromatin is actually one of a pair of X-
chromosomes that undergo picnosis (condenses) after mitose division. The
X-chromosome that undergoes this change can come from the mother or
father and lose its genetic activity. This opinion is known as the Lyon
hypothesis. Then the amount of sex chromatin that can be found in an
individual is equal to 1. XX normal women, then 1 sex chromatin, on the
other hand XY males have no sex, but XXY males have 1 genital chromatin,
XXX women have 2 genital chromatin
The role of X-and-Y
chromosomes in Humans
1. Like the Drosophila fly, the X-chromosome in humans
carries the genes that determine female traits. However,
the Y-chromosome functions in Drosophila. The Y-
chromosome type in Drosophila does not affect the sex of
flies, so in humans the Y-I chromosome has the genes for
male traits. no matter how many chromosomes a person
has as long as there is a Y-chromosome next to it then that
person is male
2. The autosome in humans has absolutely no effect on
gender, whereas in Drosophila it does
 Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities:
• Turner Syndrome
• Klinefelter's Syndrome
• Super woman
Place Your Picture Here

Turner Syndrome
The term syndrome is usually used when there is an
abnormality in the arrangement of the
chromosomes.

Characteristics of sufferers:
A. In females, it is missing an X chromosome
B. Wide chest, narrower hips
C. Secondary sexual traits are not fully developed
D. No menstruation, because of that he was
barren
Klinefelter syndrome
Characteristics of sufferers:

A The individual is male, he has an

excess of an X chromosome

B Legs and arms look long

C After reaching puberty, the breasts

appear to be getting bigger, but the
testes are shrinking

D Barren (sterile) and It may be due

to nondisjunction when the father or
mother formed gametes
 Super woman

Your Picture Here

This woman has an excess of

an X chromosome, so it has 47
chromosomes, with the
chromosome formula 22AAXXX or
commonly abbreviated as XXX
female.
 Abnormalities in
Autosomes
Abnormalities in autosomes can be found in men
and women because autosomes are owned by both
men and women.
Example, Down Syndrome (Discovered by Langdon
Down, 1866)
 Properties: Male Female

 Most of the last children because the mother's

 Round face shape age at delivery was too old or could also be born
 There is an epicanthic fold to a woman who married too late.

 On the palm (one or both hands) there is a  Very low IQ (20-50)

horizontal line. Normal, there are several lines  Show a happy face

 The iris is sometimes freckled

 The nose is wide and flat
(Brushfield)

 Excess chromosome number 21  The mouth is usually open, the tip of the
 Short body or stump tongue enlarges out of the mouth opening.
 Gender Determination

XO type ZW type

 Insects from the order Orthoptera

 In some types of
Heteroptera, such as grasshoppers, butterflies, fish, reptiles,
do not have a Y chromosome, so aves:
male grasshoppers have only one X  ZZ male (homogametic)
chromosome, so XO.  ZW females
 In contrast to male Drosophila flies (heterogametic)
XO, male grasshoppers XO are  So, all spermatozoa
fertile, while male Drosophila flies
contain a Z sex
XO are sterile.
 The female grasshopper has a pair chromosome, while the
of X, XX chromosomes. eggs may contain a Z /
W sex chromosome.
Gender  In insects, the order hymenoptera
(honey bees, ants):
 Sex determination is not related to
Determination sex chromosomes.
 Male, occurs because
pertenogenese, which is the
formation of a creature from an egg
without preceded fertilization. Male
= haploid = 16 chromosomes
01 ZO type  Female (queen bee and worker),
fertilized egg, diploid each = 32
chromosomes.
 In poultry (chickens, ducks, etc.):
 Male pair of sex chromosomes are the Haploid – Diploid 02
same shape ZZ (homogametic) type
 Females, only having one sex chromosome,
ZO (heterogametic)
 So, spermatozoa carry one kind of
chromosome, Z. Whereas the egg is of two
kinds, maybe it carries a Z chromosome,
maybe it doesn't have a sex chromosome at
all.
Genes are strung on the X-
chromosome (X-linked genes)
In Human
 Caused by recessive genes, for example:
1. Butawarna (cc = butawarna, C = normal)
2. Anodontia (aa = anodontia, A = normal)
3.Hemophilia (hh = hemophilia, H = normal)
 Caused by dominan genes, for example:
1. Brown teeth and easily damaged due to
lack of enamel (B = brown teeth, b =
normal teeth)
The hallmark of the inheritance of genes on the
X-chromosome is by means of cross-
inheritance (criss-cross inheritance).
Genes are strung on the X-
chromosome (X-linked
genes)
In Animal
 Sex determination follows the type XY (female
= XX and male = XY)
 Example: a telon striped cat
B = gene for black
b = gene for yellow
Bb = genotype for tabby cat (black-yellow-
white) = calico cat
 The gene that determines the color of a cat's
hair is found on the X-chromosome
 Your Picture Here

Genes that are

influenced by
gender
Dominance depends on gender
For example: bald head and index
finger length Your Picture Here
THANK YOU