3 Basic Characteristics of Soils - 2
3 Basic Characteristics of Soils - 2
3 Basic Characteristics of Soils - 2
土的基本特性
倪静
Email address: [email protected]
The destructive process in the formation of soil from rock may be either
physical or chemical. The physical process may be erosion by the action of
wind, water or glaciers, or disintegration ( 瓦 解 ) caused by alternate
freezing and thawing (冻融交替 / 循环) in cracks in the rock. The
resultant soil particles retain the same composition as that of the parent
rock. Particles of this type are described as being of ‘bulky’ form and their
shape can be indicated by terms such as angular, rounded, flat and
elongated.
The nature of soils
The chemical process results in changes in the mineral form of the parent
rock due to the action of water (especially if it contains traces of acid or
alkali), oxygen and carbon dioxide. Chemical weathering results in the
formation of groups of crystalline particles (结晶颗粒) of colloidal
size ( /kə‘lɒɪdəl/ , 胶 体 颗 粒 尺 寸 ) (<0.002 mm) known as clay
minerals.
The nature of soils
The soil sample is passed through a series of standard test sieves having
successively (相继地) smaller mesh sizes. The mass of soil
retained in each sieve is determined and the cumulative percentage by
mass passing each sieve is calculated.
Particle size analysis
If the water content of a soil initially in the liquid state is gradually reduced,
the state will change from liquid through plastic and semi-solid,
accompanied by gradually reducing volume, until the solid state is reached.
The water contents at which the transitions (过渡、转变) between states
occur differ from soil to soil.
Plasticity of fine soils
In the ground, most fine soils exist in the plastic state. Plasticity is due to the
presence of a significant content of clay mineral particles (or organic
material) in the soil.
The void space between such particles is generally very small in size with the
result that water is held at negative pressure by capillary tension (毛细张
力) . This produces a degree of cohesion between the particles, allowing the
soil to be deformed or moulded.
Plasticity of fine soils
The upper and lower limits of the range of water content over which the
soil exhibits plastic behaviour are defined as the liquid limit (wL) and the
plastic limit (wP), respectively. The water content range itself is defined
as the plasticity index (IP).
The natural water content (w) of a soil relative to the liquid and plastic
limits can be represented by means of the liquidity index (IL).
The transition between the semi-solid and solid states occurs at the
shrinkage limit, defined as the water content at which the volume of the
soil reaches its lowest value as it dries out.
Plasticity of fine soils
The apparatus for the liquid limit test consists of a penetrometer fitted with a
30° cone of stainless steel, 35mm long: the cone and the sliding shaft to which
it is attached have a mass of 80 g.
A little more of the soil paste is added to the cup and the test is repeated until a
consistent value of penetration has been obtained. (The average of two values
within 0.5mm or of three values within 1.0 mm is taken.)
using the same soil sample but increasing the water content
Penetration value ( mm )
each time by adding distilled water. The penetration
values ( 贯 入 值 ) should cover the range of
3
approximately 15–25 mm, the tests proceeding from the
drier to the wetter state of the soil.
10 100
Cone penetration is plotted against water content and the
0.3
best straight line fitting the plotted points is drawn. The
liquid limit is defined as the percentage water content (to Water content ( % )
The water content (w), or moisture content (m), is the ratio of the mass of
water to the mass of solids in the soil.
Phase relationship
The degree of saturation (Sr) is the ratio of the volume of water to the total
volume of void space. The degree of saturation can range between the limits
of zero for a completely dry soil and 1 (or 100%) for a fully saturated soil.
Phase relationship
•w
•e
•n
•Sr
•r
•g
•Gs
• 矿物颗粒 • Mineral particles
• 风化 • Weathering
• 有机物 • Organic matter/organism
• 残积土 • Residual soil
• 运积土 • Transported soil
• 冻和融 • Freezing and thawing
• 裂缝 • Crack
• 母岩 • Parent rock
• 密的 / 中密的 / 松散的 • Dense/medium dense/loose
• 酸/碱 • Acid/alkali
• 粘土矿物 • Clay minerals
• 比表面积 • Specific surface
• 粒径分布 • Particle size distribution
• 粗粒土 / 细粒土 • Coarse soil/fine soil
• 筛分法 • Method of sieving
• 流动状态 / 可塑状态 / 半固态 / 固 • Liquid/plastic/semi-solid/solid state
态 • Transition
• 过渡 • Liquid limit/plastic limit/shrinkage limit
• 液限 / 塑限 / 缩限 • Plasticity index/liquidity index
• 塑性指数 / 液性指数 • Apparatus
• 仪器 • Stainless steel
• 不锈钢 • Distilled water
• 蒸馏水 • Paste
• 糊状物 • Internal diameter
• 内径 • Rim
• 边缘 • Penetration value
• 贯入值 • Two-phase/three-phase
• 两相 / 三相 • Degree of saturation
• 饱和度 • Void ratio/porosity
• 孔隙比 / 孔隙率 • Specific gravity
• 比重
Thank you for your attention