PSYCH

OLOGY
Content:
The self as a cognitive construction – William James and the
Me-Self, I-Self, Global vs differentiated models, Real and
Ideal self-concepts, Multiple vs Unified selves, True vs False
selves
The self as proactive and Agentic.

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 Subject Description:
This deals with the nature of identity, as well as the factors and forces
that affect the development and maintenance of personal identity.
 Introduction:
This report tackles the fundamental concepts and
principles of the self.
It covers the different factors that contribute to one’s
being, the philosophical and theoretical perspectives
about the self across generations, as well as the
explanations of different fields of sciences about the self
and identity.

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 Objectives:
 Define and describe the different psychological concepts of
self;
 Differentiate the various concepts of the self and identify
their interrelationships;
 Explain how the concepts of self-influence behavior; and
 Apply concepts of self in one’s life to develop self-
awareness and self-understanding.

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 Lesson
Overview
In the previous chapter, it is discussed that various social scientists have
different ways of looking at the Self. They might be looking at the same
thing but they have various ways of looking and explaining it. The variation
of views is still unsealed. For even among the psychologist, the variation in
picturing the self significantly differs. One view states that self-developed
following a developmental order of learning. Another view states that self-
developed in constant struggle between desires against social expectation.
Still another view states that self is a product of cognitive development
brought by constant interaction of people in the society.

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Lesson Proper (reporting)

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 What is psychological
Perspective?
 The Psychodynamic
Perspective  The Cross-Cultural
Perspective
 The Behavioral
Perspective  The Evolutionary
Perspective
 The Cognative
Perspective  The Humanistic
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Perspective
 PSYCHOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
 “I AM WHO I AM”  Am I good
 Questions about yourself…  Am I intelligent?
 Am I approachable?  Do I appear friendly to others?

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 What is
PSYCHOLOGY?
 Scientific study of how
people behave, think,
and feel.

 Science of mind and

behavior

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 Topics:
 How brain works
 How our memory is organized
 How people interact in groups
 Who children learn
 What are your motivations?

Everything concerns about the human being.Examine so

that as a human being will understandhow it is to be “you”.
 Questions?
 How does society influence you?
 Who are you as person in your community?
 How does your community influence or affect you?
The Self As Cognitive
Construction

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 Cognitive
 Relating to, being or involving conscious
intellectual activity (thinking, reasoning or
remembering.

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 Jean
Piaget
 Discoverer in child development
That’s a
 Theory of Cognitive Development lot of money
 About the development of human intelligence

185,244 users
 Dealts with the nature of knowledge itself
 How human gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it
 Cognitive development is a progressive reorganization of mental processes
resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience.

100%
 Believes that children construct an understanding of the world around them,
experience inconsistencies between what they already know and what they
discover in their environment,Total success!
and then adjust their ideas accordingly
(McLeod, 2009).
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 3 Basic Components to Piaget’s
Our process is easy
Cognitive Theory
 Schemas

 Adaptation
1 02

 Stages of Cognitive Development

 Let’s review some concepts
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and Is the color of blood, and because
lemons. In the spectrum of visible the deep sea. It is located between of this it has historically been
light, yellow is found between vioet and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, danger
green and orange. spectrum. and courage.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and Is the color of blood, and because
lemons. In the spectrum of visible the deep sea. It is located between of this it has historically been
light, yellow is found between violet and green on the optical associated with sacrifice, danger
green and orange. spectrum. and courage.

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Harter’s Self-
Development Concept

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Dr. Susan Harter
 Detailed the emergence of self-
concept and asserted that the broad
developmental changes observed
across early childhood, later
childhood, and adolescence could be
interpreted within a Piagetian
framework.
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Early Childhood
 The child describes the “self” in terms of concrete,
observable, characteristics such as physical attributes (I’m
pretty/ugly/strong), material possessions (I have lots of
toys), behaviors (I love playing with my toys) and
preferences (I like candies)
 Emerging Adults Any questions?
 Self You can find me at @username & [email protected]
 Having a vision of a possible self.
 Age of possibilities
 Having a vision of a
possible self.
Age of possibilities
 The self is described in terms of trait like constructs
(smart, honest, friendly, shy) that would require the
type of hierarchical organizational skills.

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 Adolescence
 More abstract

 The self as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and

motives.

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Emerging Adults Self
 Having a vision of a possible
self.

 Age of possibilities

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William James The Self
Process of
Identification
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William James
 concentrated on the nature of self and its
effect on emotional aspects. Things become
part of the “me” Jmaes disputed through
“emotional identification” with them The
person’s body, feelings, beliefs and values
are all parts of me However, because of
what is part of the me is determined by
emotion identification, the parents, siblings,
friends and even lovers
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are likely to be
 Identification Process
as to James concept shows his belief of the unchanging
nature of self. It is constantly changing because a person
is dealing with shifting materials.. This implies that the
self today is different even for a little from the self
yesterday.
 William James
I-self and Me-self
I-SELF
 Aware of its own actions
 Pure ego
 Being the agent (I believe my actions
have an impact
 Being unique (I am deferent)
 Continuity (same person)
 Awareness (Understanding of what is
going on) 31
Me-self
• Object such as physical
characteristics, personalities,
social roles or relationships,
thoughts, feelings
• Dimensions
• Materials (appearance)
• Social (interpersonal)
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• Spiritual (character/ values)
Carl Roger's
Self Theory
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The Real Self and the Ideal Self

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Carl Rogers
• was humanistic psychologist who
agreed with Abraham Maslow’s Self
Actualization but went further with the
assumption that for a person to “grow”
he must need an environment that can
provide him with genuineness or
openness and self-disclosure.

• Roger’s attest the self-actualization

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What is Then Real and
Ideal Self?
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• Real Self is what a person is
from inside or the original self,
while Ideal Self-- is what a person
wants to become.
• Ideal Self is what a person would
like to be. It consists of the goals
and ambitions in life that is
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• Real means something appropriate, if the thing
is described as real, it means it is very original
and concrete.
• Real Culture means what is happening in
everyday life while Ideal Culture means what
one is expected to behave based on the culture
and norms in certain place and situations.
• A person with an ideal self is a dreamer who
would dream everything in life and be happy.
On the other hand a person
39 with a real self does
The True and
False
True Self Self
- to describe a sense of self based on
instinctive and authentic experience and a
feeling of being alive, having a real self.

False Self – is a defensive façade a mere

appearance of being real. False Self or social
mask serves many adaptive purposes
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 There is a natural human leaning or
desire to protect one’s authentic or
true self from the scrutiny of the
outside world in order to avoid being
rejected or hurt. However, if there are
people who can relate themselves to
others from dominantly false self-
situations and had been relating to the
world in this manner for many years,
then they feel normal.
The Proactive and
Agentic Self
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 Bandura
defines human agency as the human
capability to exert influence over one’s
functioning in the course of event by
one’s action to be an agent is to
influence purposely a person’s
functioning and life structure.
 4 Core Properties of
• Intentionality – deals with the forming
Human Agency
of intentions that include action plans
and strategies to realize themes or
goals.

• Forethought – includes future directive

plans. People set goals for themselves
and foresee outcomes of prospective
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• Self-reactiveness – widens the role of the
agent to a just mere planner and fore-
thinker and includes processes of self-
management and self-motivation as well as
emotional state that can hinder self-
regulatory efforts.
• Self-reflection – pertains to the real
examining nature of the agents. Through
self- awareness, they reflect on the
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personal efficacy, the soundness of their

Individualistic VS
Collective Self
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• The understanding of social behavior is the
cultural beliefs about how a person relates to
the group namely individualism and
collectivism.
• The cultural belief maintains the idea
that people become human only when they
have integrated into a group. In the
individualistic culture, the persons gives
priority to personal goals, whereas in a
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Individualism
• is a philosophy of life emphasizing
the priority of the persons need over
group. It is a preference for loosely
knit social relationship that is caring
for oneself and the family members
only and the desire to be autonomous
or independent from each other’s
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Collectivism
• which represents preference for a
tightly knit social framework in
which a person can expect their
family and other relatives of the
social group to look after them in
exchanged for unquestioned
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loyalty.
Multiple Selves

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 A person perception of self-
identity is influenced by
messages from others as well as
his/her own biased ideal self.
One’s public self is more
complicated which includes
both one’s family, self and
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Development and
Characteristics
of the Self-Concept
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Self-
• is a knowledge representation that
Concept
contains knowledge representation that
contains knowledge about a person
including beliefs about his/her personality
traits, physical characteristics, abilities,
values, goals and roles, as well as the
knowledge that he/she exist as individuals
in a particular society
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• By the time individuals are
adults, their sense of self have
grown dramatically. They are
more exposed in how their genes
and social experience paly vital
roles in their development of
sense of self. They can analyze
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their thoughts, feelings and

• People become aware of their own
self-concept. They can plan their
future and consider the potential
outcomes of their actions. At times,
having a sense of self may seem
unpleasant—when a person is not
proud of his/her appearance, actions,
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or relationships with others, or when

• On the other hand, the ability to think
about the self is very useful. Being
aware of the past and able to speculate
about the future is adaptive—it allows
ine to modify his/her behavior on the
basis of correcting committed mistakes
and plan for future activities
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Summary:

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• Freud’s psychosexual view
states that self-developed in
constant struggle between
desires against social
expectation.
• Bandura’s view states that self
is a product of cognitive
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• Real self is what a person is from
inside or the original self, while ideal
self is what a person wants to become.
• Human has the capability to exert
influence over one’s functioning in the
course of one’s action.
• Sense of self is a continuous
development brought by combination
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References:
• Frando, Milagros F. (2019).
Understanding the Self. 707 Tiaga
Corner Kasipagan Streets Barangka
Drive, Mandaluyong City; Books
Atbp, Publishing Corp.
• Go-Monilla, Ma. Jocelyn A. F. (2018).
Understanding the Self. 839 EDSA,
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Paychoanalytic
Theory
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Sigmund
Freud
• was an Austrian neurologist and the
founder of pyschoanalysis.

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Psychoanalytic
• Freud believed that people could be
Theory
chred by making concioua their
unconcious thoghts and motivations,
thus gaining "insight".

-This aims to release repressed

emotions and experiences.
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Stages of Psychosocial
Development

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Erik
• Erik Erikson was a German
erikson
American developmental
psychologist and psychiatrist
known to his theaory on
psychological development of
human beings. 65
8 Stages of Psychoaocial
Development
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1. Trust vs.
• first stage in Erik Erikson's theory of
Mistrust
psychosocial development. This stage begins
at birth continues to approximately 18
months of age.
• During this stage, the infant is uncertain
about the world in which they live, and
looks towards their primary caregiver for
stability and consistency of care.
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2. Autonomy vs. Shame
and
• is Doubt
the second stage of Erik Erikson's
stages of psychosocial development.
• This stage occurs between the ages of 18
months to approximately 3 years.
• According to Erikson, children at this
stage are focused on developing a sense
of personal control over physical skills
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3. Initiative vs.
Guilt
• is the third stage of Erik
Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development.
• During this stage, children
assert themselves more
frequently through directing
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Industry vs.
Inferiority
• Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis, involving
industry (competence) vs. Inferiority occurs
during childhood between the ages of five and
twelve.

• It is at this stage that the child’s peer group will

gain greater significance and will become a major
source of the child’s self-esteem.
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5. Identity vs. Role
•Confusion
The fifth stage of Erik Erikson's
theory of psychosocial development
is identity vs. role confusion, and it
occurs during adolescence, from
about 12-18 years.
• During this stage, adolescents search
for a sense of self and personal
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6. Intimacy vs.
•Isolation
Intimacy versus isolation is the sixth
stage of Erik Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development.
• This stage takes place during young
adulthood between the ages of
approximately 18 to 40 yrs.
• During this stage, the major conflict
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centers on forming intimate, loving

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Generativity versus stagnation
is the seventh of eight stages of
Erik Erikson's theory of
psychosocial development.
• This stage takes place during
during middle adulthood (ages
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8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
• Ego integrity versus despair is the eighth and
final stage of Erik Erikson’s stage theory of
psychosocial development.

• This stage begins at approximately age 65

and ends at death.

• it is during this time that we contemplate our

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