Decentralized police 

- refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.

Comparative Criminology - Theories (Scheider) Alertness to crime theory - is that as a nation develops, people’s alertness
to crime is heightened, so they report more crime to police and also demand the police become more effective at
solving crime problems.

Chowkidar - in India, means one who inhabits a "chowki", police station or guard house.

  Economic or migration theory - is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and over population in
      urban areas such as ghettos and slums.

Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings,
      and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

      Demographic theory - is based on the event of when a greater

      number of children are being born, because as these baby booms
      grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent
      identity crisis. Deprivation theory holds that progress comes
      along with rising expectations, and people at the bottom develop
      unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see
      themselves rising fast enough.

      Modernization theory - sees the problem as society becoming too

      complex.

      Theory of anomie and synomie - (the latter being a term

      referring to social cohesion on values), suggests that
      progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration
      of older norms that once held people together (anomie).

Chusai-san - the rural police officer in Japan.

Comparative Criminal Justice - it is as subfield of the study of

criminal justice systems worldwide. It studies the similarities and
differences in structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights
as well as the history and political stature of different systems.

Comparative Police System - it is the science and art of investigating

and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the study of
police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.

Confucian thought - The belief that social order can be achieved

through moral and political reform because man is by nature good or
capable of goodness.

Countries With Less Or No Crime

1. Switzerland
2. Japan
3. Ireland
4. Egypt - Siwa Oasis

Cybercrimes - are generally defined as any type of illegal activity

that makes use of the Internet, a private or public network, or an
in-house computer system.
      Cyberstalking - a technologically based attack on person because
      of anger, revenge, or control.

      Computer Fraud - altering data or gaining unlawful use of

      computer or services.

      Identity Theft - using another's personal information to commit

      fraud or other crimes.

      Computer Viruses - a program that copies itself and infects a

      computer.

      Denial of Service Attacks - making service unavailable to users.

      Malware - malicious software that interferes with the functioning

      of computers and sending data of user over the internet.

      Information warfare - attacks on information and computer systems.

 
Different Police Global Organizations
1. ASEAN Chiefs of Police
2. Europol
3. IACP
4. Interpol
5. UN policing

Drug Trafficking - Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of drugs

and drug paraphernalia. This include any equipment used to manufacture
illegal drugs or use them.

Elliniki Astynomia - is the national police service of Greece.

EUROPOL - It means European Police Office or Europol. Europol is the

European Union’s criminal intelligence agency. It became fully
operational on July 1,1999. Europol only acts on request at present.

      EUROPOL's Mandate
      1. llicit drug trafficking
      2. Illicit immigration networks;
      3. Terrorism; Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro)
         and other means of payment;
      4. Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography);
      5. Illicit vehicle trafficking;
      6. Money laundering

Gendarmerie Nationale - is the national rural police force of Algeria.

      National Gendarmerie - is a branch of the French Armed Forces,

      in charge of public safety, with police duties among the
      civilian population.

Globalization -  is a process of interaction and integration among

the people, companies,and government of different nations, as process
driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology.
Hezbollah - literally means "Party of God", is a Shi'a Islamist militant
group and political party based in Lebanon.

Hongkong Police Force - It is the world's second, and Asia's first,

police agency to operate with a modern policing system.

Human Trafficking - the illegal movement of people, typically for the

purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.

IACP - (International Association of Chiefs of Police) the world’s

oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police
executives, with over 20,000 members in over 80 different countries.
IACP’s leadership consists of the operating chief executes of
international, federal, state and local agencies of all sizes.

Illegal Drug Trade - the term being used in the international scene,
it is a more comprehensive term than drug trafficking as it includes
cultivation and manufacture.

International Crime - Defined as crimes against the peace and security

of mankind.

      International Crimes
      1. Aggression (by one state against another)
      2. Treat of aggression
      3. Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or
         religious group)
      4. Terrorism
      5. Drug trafficking

International Criminal Justice - It involves the study and description

of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or justice. Comparative
criminal justice system attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal
justice in one country by investigating and evaluating, in terms of
another country,culture, or institution.

Interpol - (International Criminal Police Organization)  It began in

1923,and at the same time its name was International Criminal
Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International Criminal
Police Organization. Slowly, the name of this international organization
became famous as Interpol. Now,Interpol is the second biggest
international organization; the United Nations is the first.

Jemaah Islamiyah - (Islamic Congregation) is a Southeast Asian militant

Islamist terrorist organization dedicated to the establishment of a
regional Islamic caliphate in Southeast Asia.

Jolly R. Bugarin - a Filipino former President of the Interpol, from

1980 to 1984. He is the only Filipino who had achieved that feat.

Koban - is a small neighborhood police station found in Japan. Often

translated to English as Police Box. Koban are staffed by a relatively
small number of police officers (usually 3-5 officers).

      Chuzaisho - (residential police box) is usually staffed by a

      single officer. The Chuzaisho is typically located outside of
      urban districts in villages and is operated by one community
      officer, who resides with his family in this police facility.

      Hashutsusho -  (police box) The Hashutsusho is typically placed

      in an urban district and is operated by a number of community
      police officers who work under a shift system. The community
      officers generally live in the jurisdiction served by the
      Hashutsusho.

Model System - is used to described the countries being used as

topics of discussion.These countries are chosen not because they are
greater than others but because they are thefocus of comparison
being studied.

Money Laundering - the concealment of the origins of illegally obtained

money, typically by means of transfers involving foreign banks or
legitimate businesses.

Mutawa - religious police in Saudi Arabia whose duty is to ensure

strict adherence to established codes of conduct.

National Public Safety Commission - is the policy making and oversight

body of the national police forces in Japan and South Korea.

Ngā Pirihimana o Aotearoa - it literally means "the policeman", is the

national police force of New Zealand. Policing in New Zealand started
in 1840.

Palermo Protocols - are three protocols that were adopted by the

United Nations to supplement the 2000 Convention against Transnational
Organized Crime. They are:
      1. The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
         Persons, especially Women and Children; and
      2. The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land,
         Sea and Air.
      3. The Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking
         in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition
  
POLRI - (Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) Indonesian National Police.
The Chief of Police of Indonesia is called Kapolri.

Police Box - is a British telephone kiosk or callbox located in a public

place for the use of members of the police, or for members of the public
to contact the police. Most are disused at present with the advent of
two way radio and mobile phones.

Polis Diraja - the Royal Malaysia police.

RA 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act of 2000.

RA 9208 - The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003.

RA 9165 - Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002.

RA 9372 - Human Security Act of 2007.

RA 9995 - Anti-Photo and Voyeurism Act of 2009.

Schupo - (Schutzpolizei), the state level police of the German States.

Taliban - means "students", is an Islamic fundamentalist political

movement in Afghanistan.

Terrorism - the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and

intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.

Transnational Crime - It is a term that has been used in comparative

and international criminal justice study in recent years to reflect
the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined
by the United Nations (UN) offences whose inception, proportion
and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one country.

      Examples of Transnational Crimes

      1. Money laundering
      2. Drug trafficking
      3. Terrorism
      4. Human trafficking
      5. Cyber crime

Transnational Organized Crime - involves the planning and execution

of illicit business ventures by groups or networks of individuals
working in more than one country. These criminal groups use systematic
violence and corruption to achieve their goal. Crimes commonly
include money laundering; human smuggling; cyber crime; and
trafficking of humans, drugs, weapons,endangered species, body parts,
or nuclear material.

Types of Court Systems of the World

1. Adversarial System - the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
2. Inquisitorial System - the accused is guilty until proven innocent.

Vetting - is the process of performing a background check on someone

to ensure that they are suitable for a job requiring secrecy, loyalty,
or trustworthiness.

Well Known Organized Crime Group

1. Russian Mafia - Around 200 Russian groups that operate in nearly
   60 countries worldwide. They have been involved in racketeering,
   fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom, robbery
   and murder.
2. La Cosa Nostra - Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia.
   The most prominent organized crime group in the world from the
   1920’s to the 1990’s. They have been involved in violence, arson,
   bombings, torture, sharking, gambling, drug trafficking, health
   insurance fraud, and political and judicial corruption.
3. Yakuza - Japanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational
   criminals activities,including human trafficking, gambling,
   prostitution, and undermining licit businesses.
4. FukChing - Chinese organized group in the United States. They
   have been involved in smuggling, street violence, and human
   trafficking.
5. Triads - Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They
   control secret markets and bus routes and are often involved in
   money laundering and drug trafficking.
6. Heijin - Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large
   corporations. They are often involved in white collar crimes,
   such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run
   for public office.
7. Jao Pho - Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often
   involved in illegal political and business activity.
8. Red Wa - Gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in
   manufacturing and trafficking methamphetamine.