Darshanas - Philosophies

Darshanas – philosophies
• Vaidika Darshanas – orthodox philosophies –

Astika Darshana; refer Vedas as source of all
secret knowledge – 6
• Avaidika Darshanas – heterodox philosophies –
Nastika Darshanas; refer own experience rather
accepting Vedas as source of knowledge – 3
The Shad-Darsanas or the Six Orthodox Schools
The Shad-Darsanas or the six orthodox systems

grew directly out of the Vedas.
Darsana means literally sight or vision.
The Shad-Darsanas – The Seers
• Gautama Rishi systematised the principles of Nyaya or the Indian
logical system.
• Kanada composed the Vaiseshika Sutras.
• Kapila Muni founded the Sankhya system.
• Patanjali Maharshi is the first systematiser of the Yoga school - Yoga
Sutras
• The Yoga-Darsana of Patanjali is a celebrated text-book on Raja Yoga.
• Jaimini, a disciple of Vyasa, composed the Sutras of the Mimamsa
school, which is based on the ritual-sections of the Vedas.
• Badarayana composed his famous Vedanta-Sutras which expound the
teachings of the Upanishads.
All knowledge implies four conditions
(i) the subject or the Pramata, the cogniser,

(ii) the object or the Prameya,
(iii) the resulting state of cognition or the Pramiti
(iv) the means of knowledge or the Pramana.

The Nyaya metaphysics recognizes sixteen padarthas or categories
Pramāṇa (Valid Means Of Knowledge)

Nirṇaya (Settlement)
Prameya (Objects Of Valid
Vāda (Discussion)
Knowledge)
Jalpa (Wrangling)
Saṁśaya (Doubt)
Vitaṇḍā (Cavilling)
Prayojana (Aim)
Hetvābhāsa (Fallacy)
Dṛṣṭānta (Example)
Chala (Quibbling)
Siddhānta(conclusion)
Jāti (Sophisticated Refutation)
Avayava (Members Of Syllogism)
Nigrahasthāna (Point Of Defeat)
Tarka (Hypothetical Reasoning)
The Vaiseshika
Introduction
Silent adorations to Kanada Rishi, the founder of the Vaiseshika system

of philosophy.
Rishi Kanada is also known by the names, Aulukya and Kasyapa.
The Vaiseshika system takes its name from Visesha or particularity

which is the characteristic differentia of things.
The Padarthas of the Vaiseshika are the following:
(i)Substance (Dravya),
(ii)Quality or property (Guna),
(iii)Action (Karma),
(iv)Generality of properties (Samanya),
(v)Particularity (Visesha),
(vi)Co-inherence or perpetual intimate relation (Samavaya), and
(vii)Non-existence or negation of existence (Abhava).
9 Dravyas – 24 Qualities
Dravas – Substances : Earth, water, fire, air, ether, time, space, mind and soul
• Qualities : There are seventeen qualities inherent in the nine substances, viz.,
colour (Rupa), taste (Rasa), smell (Gandha), touch (Sparsa), numbers (Sankhya),
measures (Parimana), separateness or individuality (Prithaktvam), conjunction
and disconjunction (Samyoga-vibhagam), priority and posterity (Paratva-
aparatva), understanding (Buddhi), pleasure and pain (Sukha-duhkha), desire and
aversion (Ichha-dvesha), and volitions (Prayatnah).
• To these Praśastapāda added
•
Gurutva (Heaviness), Dravatva (Fluidity), Sneha (Viscosity),dharma (Merit), Ad
harma (Demerit), Śabda (Sound) And Saṁskāra (Faculty)
The third category, Karma or action, consists of five kinds of acts
• Elevation Or Throwing Upwards - %T]ep[
• Depression Or Throwing Downwards - Ap]ep[
• Contraction - Aak…Ân
• Expansion - àsar[
• Motion - gmnm!
The fifth category - Visesha or particularity
Belongs to the nine eternal substances of the first category, all of which
have an eternal ultimate difference distinguishing each from the others.
Therefore, the system is called vaiseshika.

The sixth category, Samavaya or co-
inherence
It is the co-inherence between a substance and its qualities, between a
genus or species and its individuals, between any object and the general
idea connected with it and is thought to be a real entity.
The seventh category, viz. There are four kinds of Abhava
• 1) Pragabhava i.e. Prior non-existence, is the non-existence of an effect in its material cause before production;
it has a beginning it has an end because it is destroyed by the production of the effect. Without prior non-
existence there cannot be an effect.
• 2) Pradhvamsabhava i.e. Posterior non-existence, is the non-existence of an effect by its destruction; as such it

has a beginning but no end i.e. it cannot be destroyed.
• 3) Atyantabhava i.e. Absolute non-existence, or absolute negation is non-existence in all times i.e. denial of an
absolutely non-existent entity in all times and in all places. It is the state of absolute abstraction.
• 4) Anyonyabhava i.e. Mutual non-existence, is denial of identity between two things, which have specific
nature. Negation other than mutual negation is negation of relation.
Samkhya - Purusha and Prakriti—A Contrast
• The characteristics of Prakriti and Purusha are contrary in nature.
• Purusha is consciousness, while Prakriti is non-consciousness.
• Purusha is inactive (Akarta), while Prakriti is active.

• Purusha is destitute of the Gunas, while Prakriti is characterised by the three Gunas.
• Purusha is unchanging, while Prakriti is changing.
• The knower is Purusha. The known is Prakriti.
• The knower is the subject or the silent witness. The known is the visible object.
Yoga
Four Chapters of Yoga
• Samadhi Pada – types of Samadhi and details of
core concepts and essence of Sutras
• Sadhana Pada – 8 limbs (first 5)
• Vibhuti Pada – Samyama, Siddhis
• Kaivalya Pada – nature of Kaivalya
Mimamsa - Jaimini
• Upakrama
• Upasamhara
• Abhyaasa
• Apurva – Phala
• Arthapatti
• Upapatti
Vedanta – Prasthanatraya - Badarayana
• Upanishats – Shruti Prasthana
• Brahmasutra – Nyaya Prasthana
• Bhagavadgita – Smruti Prasthana

Celebrated Vedantic Formulae
Ekam Eva Advitiyam—The Reality is One alone without a second.
Brahma Satyam Jagan Mithya, Jivo Brahmaiva Na Aparah—Brahman only exists

truly, the world is false, the individual soul is Brahman only and no other.
Sarvam Khalvidam Brahma—All this is, indeed, Brahman.
Satyam Jnanam Anantam Brahma—Brahman is Truth, Knowledge and Infinity.
Brahmavid Brahmaiva Bhavati—The knower of Brahman becomes Brahman.
Santam, Sivam, Advaitam—Brahman is Peace, Auspiciousness and Non-duality.

Darshanas - Philosophies

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Darshanas - Philosophies

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Darshanas - Philosophies

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Darshanas – philosophies

• Vaidika Darshanas – orthodox philosophies –

The Shad-Darsanas or the six orthodox systems

(i) the subject or the Pramata, the cogniser,

(iv) the means of knowledge or the Pramana.

Pramāṇa (Valid Means Of Knowledge)

Silent adorations to Kanada Rishi, the founder of the Vaiseshika system

Rishi Kanada is also known by the names, Aulukya and Kasyapa.

The Vaiseshika system takes its name from Visesha or particularity

• Elevation Or Throwing Upwards - %T]ep[

• Depression Or Throwing Downwards - Ap]ep[

have an eternal ultimate difference distinguishing each from the others.

Therefore, the system is called vaiseshika.

• 2) Pradhvamsabhava i.e. Posterior non-existence, is the non-existence of an effect by its destruction; as such it

• The characteristics of Prakriti and Purusha are contrary in nature.

• Purusha is consciousness, while Prakriti is non-consciousness.

• Purusha is inactive (Akarta), while Prakriti is active.

• Purusha is unchanging, while Prakriti is changing.

• The knower is Purusha. The known is Prakriti.

• Upanishats – Shruti Prasthana

• Brahmasutra – Nyaya Prasthana

• Bhagavadgita – Smruti Prasthana

Brahma Satyam Jagan Mithya, Jivo Brahmaiva Na Aparah—Brahman only exists

Sarvam Khalvidam Brahma—All this is, indeed, Brahman.

Satyam Jnanam Anantam Brahma—Brahman is Truth, Knowledge and Infinity.

Brahmavid Brahmaiva Bhavati—The knower of Brahman becomes Brahman.

Santam, Sivam, Advaitam—Brahman is Peace, Auspiciousness and Non-duality.

You might also like