Agriculture and Agro-Ecological Zones in Bangladesh

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AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-

ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN
BANGLADESH
• About 65% of the total population live in
rural areas
• Agriculture contributes about 13% to the
country's GDP (2019)
• About 23% of which is contributed by the
crop sector alone
• About 63% of the labor force is employed in
agriculture
• About 57% being employed in the crop
sector

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
• Cropping intensity 190%;
• Irrigated land 56%;
• Surface water: 21% ;
• Groundwater: 79%;
• Land-man ratio: 0.06 ha;
• Mainly subsistence
farming;
• Inadequate agro-
processing;
• Non-mechanized farming;
• Fragmented land/plots;
• Dependence largely on
nature.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
• River flood
• Flash flood
• Tidal surge/
Cyclonic flood

Affected/Exposed Areas:

•Nearly 80% areas of the


country is low-lying
•Recent floods affected 30-69%
areas
•Standing crops damage

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Department of Environmental Science and Management
Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Affected/Exposed Areas:

•About 25% of the country


suffer water stress in dry
season.

•Western and north


western districts of the
country are mostly
affected.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Source: BWDB
Affected/Exposed
Areas:

Sea Level Rise


•About 25% of the
country will be
inundated.

•Southern rice
production belt will
be submerged.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Salinity Intrusion in
agriculture fields
• Salinity intrusion increased
by 30 % from 1973 to 2017.
• Farmers are extremely
challenged with salinity.
• After Cyclone Aila (2009),
many farmers couldn’t
cultivate rice properly for
two consecutive years.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
– Stress (flood, drought and salinity) tolerant
varieties
– Short duration crops
– Innovative farming practices (floating gardens,
irrigation efficiency)
– Crop diversification
– Changing/shifting cropping pattern
– Adjustments in irrigation system (excavation of
mini-ponds, supplementary irrigation)
– Cropping intensity (1, 2, 3, 4……crops in a year)

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Bangladesh shall have to incorporate the following specific features:

1.Land productivity of agriculture will have to be


increased by at least 50 per cent.

2.The structure of agricultural production has to be


diversified along non-crop lines.

3.Non-farm activities in the rural areas will have to be


multiplied hugely to provide new employment.

4.Infrastructure and marketing system in the rural


areas should be improved to meet the challenge of a
more commercialized agriculture.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
• 13% GDP;

• 63% labor force;

• Agriculture determines people’s lives


and livelihood of this region;

• People living in rural areas 65%.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
• Modern technological knowledge is available for reducing
yield gaps;
• Scope for expanding hybrid technology exists;
• Prospects for adoption of advanced technology;
• Energy input in agri-sector is increasing gradually;
• Export potentials exist for high-value crops;
• Scope for crop diversification, intensification and value
addition to agricultural produces;
• Agriculture sector has capacity to absorb labor force and
to generate income;
• Potentials for proper utilization of hilly/coastal areas
including agro-ecologically disadvantaged regions.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Ecological agriculture is based on the
principles of :

1.Diverse and mixed cropping systems


instead of monocultures;
2.Green manure and compost instead of
chemical fertilizer;
3.Natural pest management;
4.Preservation of seeds at the household
level; and
5.Agro-forestry.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Specialized, modern
commercial farming

Diversified or mixed farming

Subsistence farming

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
• Financial Support
• Technical Support
• Technology
New Variety
Innovate new strategy for
management practices
Cropping System
Machinery

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
• Rapid shrinkage of agricultural land @1% (i.e.
0.08m ha p.a.);
• Population growth @1.21% (i.e. 0.20 million
p.a.);
• Climate change and variations;
• Rapid urbanization growth @12% p.a.;
• Technology generation (needs expertise, time and
money);
• Technology dissemination (needs expertise, time,
logistics support);
• Alternative livelihoods/rehabilitation program;
• Inadequate value addition/food processing.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
From 1960, onward, the official strategy of successive governments
was intensification of agriculture and it was to be carried out with the
help of a new technology called High Yield Variety (HYV) technology.

This HYV technology consisted of three principal components:


(a)Irrigation facility,
(b)Seeds with higher yield potentiality, and
(c)Proper Chemical Fertilizer and Chemical Insecticide.

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Department of Environmental Science and Management
Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Agroecological Zone land areas recognised on the basis of
hydrology, physiography, soil types, tidal activity, cropping
patterns, and seasons. In fact an agroecological zone
indicates an area characterised by homogeneous
agricultural and ecological characteristics. This
homogeneity is more prominent in the sub region and unit
levels. The agroecological zones of Bangladesh have been
identified on the basis of four elements such as physiography,
soils, land levels in relation to flooding and agroclimatology.
Bangladesh has been tentatively divided into 30
agroecological zones. These 30 zones have been subdivided
into 88 agroecological sub-regions, which have been further
subdivided into 535 agroecological units.
Department of Environmental Science and Management
Course No. ENV 203
North South University
ID Zones/Regions Sub Regions

1. Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain a) North-central; b) Northern

2. Active Tista Floodplain Active Tista Floodplain

a) Central; b) Eastern; c) Lower Atrai Floodplain; d) Lower Little


3. Tista Meander Floodplain Jamuna Floodplain; e) North-eastern and Southern North-
western; f) Upper Little Jamuna and Middle Atrai Floodplain

4. Karatoya-Bangali Floodplain a) Northern and Central; b) South-western

5. Lower Atrai Basin Lower Atrai Basin

6. Lower Punarbhaba Floodplain Lower Punarbhaba Floodplain

7. Active Brahmaputra-Jamuna Floodplain Active Brahmaputra-Jamuna Floodplain

Young Brahmaputra and Jamuna a) High Jamuna Floodplain; b) Upper Brahmaputra Floodplain;
8.
Floodplain c) Upper Brahmaputra-Jamuna Floodplain

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University
Old Brahmaputra
9. a) Bansi Valley; b) High; c) Low; d) Medium High; e) Medium Low
Floodplain
Active Ganges
10. Active Ganges Floodplain
Floodplain
High Ganges River
11. a) Central and Southern; b) Ganges-Mahananda Floodplain; c) Northern
Floodplain
Low Ganges River
12. a) Central; b) Eastern
Floodplain
a) Khulna Sundarban; b) Nonsaline, calcareous; c)Nonsaline, calcareous and non-
Ganges Tidal
13. calcareous; d) Nonsaline, noncalcareous; e) Saline, Acid Sulphate Soils; f) Saline,
Floodplain
calcareous and noncalcareous; g) Saline, noncalcareous
Gopalganj-Khulna
14. Beel centres
Beels
15. Arial Beel Arial Beel
Middle Meghna River
16. Middle Meghna River Floodplain
Floodplain
Lower Meghna River a) Calcareous, flood protected; b) Calcareous, unembanked; c) Noncalcareous,
17.
Floodplain flood protected; d) Noncalcareous, unembanked

Department
a) Nonsaline: Central Bhola; b) Nonsaline: Meghna Estuary Charland; c)
of Environmental Science and Management
Young Meghna Course No. ENV 203and
18. North South University Nonsaline: North Bhola; d) Saline: Central Bhola; e) Saline: Noakhali, Hatiya
Estuarine Floodplain
a) Dhaka-Narayanganj-Demra Project Area; b) High: Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain;
Old Meghna Estuarine c) Low: Daudkandi-Habiganj; d) Low: Dhaka- Shariatpur-Barisal; e) Low: Eastern
19.
Floodplain Kishoreganj; f) Low: Gopalganj Beels margins; g) Low: Habiganj-North Brahmanbaria;
h) Low: Titas Floodplain; i) Medium Low; j) Very poorly drained: Laksham-Begumganj
Eastern Surma-
20. Eastern Surma-Kushiyara Floodplain
Kushiyara Floodplain
21. Sylhet Basin a) Central and Southern; b) Northern; c) Western
Northern and Eastern a) Northern and Eastern Basins; b) Northern and Eastern Plains and Basins; c)
22.
Piedmont Plain North-western Plains and Basins; d) South Sylhet Piedmont Plains

Chittagong Coastal a) Beach Ridges, Mangrove Swamp and Mud Clay; b) Mangrove Tidal Floodplain;
23.
Plain c) Piedmont Plains and River Floodplains; d) Young Tidal Floodplain
St Martin’s Coral
24. St. Martin’s Coral Island
Island
25. Level Barind Tract a) Highland and Medium Highland; b) Medium Lowland and Lowland
26. High Barind Tract High Barind Tract
North-eastern Barind a) Mainly poorly drained; b) Mainly well drained; c) Mixed well drained and poorly
27.
Tract drained
28. Madhupur Tract a) Mainly poorly drained level terrace; b) Mainly well drained dissected terrace
Northern and Eastern
29. a) Low hills and Piedmont Plains; b) Mainly high hill ranges; c) Mainly low hills
Hills
30. Akhaura Terrace Akhaura Terrace
Thanks

Department of Environmental Science and Management


Course No. ENV 203
North South University

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