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    Copper

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    Umesh Duwal
    Heavy metals like copper are characterized by their high density and strong metallic bonds. Copper has an electronic configuration of [Ar]3d10 4s1 and can exist in multiple oxidation states. The chief ore of copper is copper pyrite, which is extracted via a process involving crushing, concentration, roasting, smelting, and refining. Key steps produce copper metal, copper matte, and blister copper. Refining produces 99.9% pure copper. Copper forms important alloys and compounds like copper sulfate.

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    Copper

    Uploaded by

    Umesh Duwal
    46 views24 pages
    Heavy metals like copper are characterized by their high density and strong metallic bonds. Copper has an electronic configuration of [Ar]3d10 4s1 and can exist in multiple oxidation states. The chief ore of copper is copper pyrite, which is extracted via a process involving crushing, concentration, roasting, smelting, and refining. Key steps produce copper metal, copper matte, and blister copper. Refining produces 99.9% pure copper. Copper forms important alloys and compounds like copper sulfate.

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    Heavy metals like copper are characterized by their high density and strong metallic bonds. Copper has an electronic configuration of [Ar]3d10 4s1 and can exist in multiple oxidation states. The chief ore of copper is copper pyrite, which is extracted via a process involving crushing, concentration, roasting, smelting, and refining. Key steps produce copper metal, copper matte, and blister copper. Refining produces 99.9% pure copper. Copper forms important alloys and compounds like copper sulfate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    46 views24 pages

    Copper

    Uploaded by

    Umesh Duwal
    Heavy metals like copper are characterized by their high density and strong metallic bonds. Copper has an electronic configuration of [Ar]3d10 4s1 and can exist in multiple oxidation states. The chief ore of copper is copper pyrite, which is extracted via a process involving crushing, concentration, roasting, smelting, and refining. Key steps produce copper metal, copper matte, and blister copper. Refining produces 99.9% pure copper. Copper forms important alloys and compounds like copper sulfate.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 24

    HEAVY METALS

    TRANSITION METALS
    TRANSITION METALS
    General Characteristics

     Electronic configuration : (n-1)d1-10, ns1-2


    [where (n-1)d sub shell is partially filled]
    e.g, Cu:[Ar]3d104s1
     Variable Valency and Oxidation States
     High M. Pt. and B. Pt.
     Hard, ductile, malleable, lustrous
     They generally form colored compounds or complex ions
    Exception/Non-typical transition element
     Group IIB : Zn, Cd, Hg {(n-1)d10}
     Group IIIB : Sc, La, etc
    HEAVY METALS
    Density: greater than 5gm/cc
    M. Pt.: high due to strong metallic bond
    e.g., Iron, Copper, Silver, Gold

    COINAGE METALS
    Electronic configuration: (n-1)d10, ns1
    Group IB Metals: Copper, Silver, Gold
    COPPER
    Cu:[Ar]3d104s1

    Occurrence
     Copper Pyrite/Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
     Copper glance/Chalcocite Cu2S
     Ruby Copper/Cuprite Cu2O
     Malachite (green) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
     Azurite (blue) 2CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
    EXTRACTION OF COPPER

    Chief Ore: Copper Pyrite (CuFeS2)


    sulphide ore
    THEORY

    2CuFeS2 + 8O2 Cu2S+2FeS+4SO2

    2FeS + 3O2 2FeO + 2SO2

    FeO + SiO2(flux) FeSiO3(slag)

    Cu2S + 2 Cu2O 6Cu + SO2


    1)Crushing, Pulverization and Concentration
    Crush by Jaw Crushers & Pulverise by Ball Mills
    Concentration by Froth Floatation Method [Sulphide Ore
    + Pine or Eucalyptus Oil + Water]
    2) Roasting

     Concentrated ore is heated strongly in


    excess air in Reverberatory Furnance
     Impurities of S, P, As, Sb are removed
    in the form of Volatile Oxides.
    S + O2 SO2
    4P + 5O2 2P2O5
    4As + 3O2 2As2O5
     Copper Pyrite is converted into
    Copper and Ferrous Sulphide.
    2CuFeS2 + 8O2 Cu2S+2FeS+4SO2
    2FeS + 3O2 2FeO + 2SO2
    2Cu2S + 3O2 2 Cu2O + 2SO2
     Thus the Roasted Ore mainly contains
    a mixture of Cu2S,FeS, Cu2O and FeO.
    3) Smelting
    A. Roasted Ore + Sand (flux) + Powdered Coke is heated
    strongly in water jacket BLAST FURNANCE.
    B. A blast of hot air at 800oC is introduced
    at the lower part of the Furnance.
    C. Slag Formation
    2FeS + 3O2 2FeO + 2SO2
    FeO + SiO2(flux) FeSiO3(slag)
    Al2O3 + 3 SiO2(flux) Al2(SiO3)3(slag)
    D. Oxidation:
    2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2
    Cu2O + FeS Cu2S + FeO
    FeO + SiO2(flux) FeSiO3(slag)
    Cu2O + C 2Cu + CO
    Thus, two separate molten layers are formed at the bottom:
    @Upper lighter layer of SLAG which is removed as waste,
    and
    @Lower heavier layer of mixture of Copper(Cu),
    Cuprous Sulphide(Cu2S) and small amount of
    Ferrous Sulfide(FeS) called Copper Matte.

    The matte is poured into water to obtain its Granular form.


    4) BESSEMERISATION
     The matte is poured into the Bessemer.
    BESSEMER:
     A pear shaped furnance made
    up of steel and lined inside
    with basic refractory
    material like MgO.
     It is mounted on horizontal axle.
     A blast of hot air and sand
    (silica)is admitted to
    the Bessemer
    through Tuyers.
     Ferrous Sulfide(FeS) present in the Copper Matte gets oxidized:
    2FeS + 3O2 2FeO + 2SO2
    FeO + SiO2(flux) FeSiO3 (slag)
     Thus iron is completely removed. Also, Cuprous Sulphide(Cu2S)
    undergoes oxidation:
    2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2
    2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2
     The blast air is stopped and the Converter is tilted to cool down
    the molten mass.
     Thus, the dissolved SO2 comes out in the form of Bubbles giving
    Blisters on the surface of the solid Copper. This copper is now
    known as Copper Blister.(98% Cu + 2% Ag, Au, Ni, Zn, Pb)
    E) REFINING
    i) Thermal Refining/Poling
    The melted molten copper blister is stirred by Green Poles of wood in
    presence of air.
    Impurities like S, As, Sb, and Zn if present are removed in the form of
    their Volatile Oxides.
    Other impurities of Fe, Ni, Pb, and Sn are oxidized to their respective
    Oxides which later convert into Slag after reacting with SiO2 lined in
    the furnance.
    Any Cuprous Oxide formed is reduced back to Copper by the
    Hydrocarbon(Methane) present in the Green Pole of the Wood.
    3Cu2O + CH4 6Cu + CO + 2H2O
    Copper thus obtained is 99.5% pure.
    ii) ELECTROLYTIC REFINING
     Anode: Impure Cu and Cathode: Pure sheet of Cu
     Electrolyte:15% CuSO4 and 15% H2SO4

     At Cathode: Cu++ + 2e- Cu SO4-- - 2e- SO4


     At Anode: Cu Cu++ + 2e- Cu + SO4 CuSO4
    Cu++ + SO4-- CuSO4
    Copper thus obtained is 99.9% pure.
    Physical Properties
    i. Red coloured metal
    ii. Good conductor of heat and electricity
    Chemical Properties
    1) Axn of air :
    a) At ordinary temperature
    2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 Cu(OH)2.CuCO3
    basic copper carbonate(green)
    b) At high temperature
    t < 11000C
    i. 2Cu + O2 2CuO (black oxide)
    ii. 4Cu + O2 2Cu0C
    t > 1100 2O (red oxide)

    2) Axn of acids:
    i. With conc. Acid:
    Cu + conc. H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O
    ii. With dil. Acids:
    Cu + dil. HCl/ H2SO4 CuCl2 / CuSO4 + H2O
    iii. With conc. Nitric acid:
    5Cu + hot and conc.12HNO3 5Cu(NO3)2 + N2 + 6H2O
    3) Axn of air/moist air : Cu + H2O CuO + H2
    4) Displacement Rxn (Hg, Ag, Au, Pd salts)
    Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2+ 2Ag
    5) Reducing Property: Cu + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + CuCl2

    S. No. Alloy Composition Uses


    1. Brass Cu:60% - 80% # Utensils
    (Pital) Zn: 20% - 40% # Machinery wires
    Alloys
    2. Bronze Cu:75% - 90% @ Utensils
    of
    (Kansh) Sn: 10% - 25% @ Coins
    Copper
    3. German Cu:25% - 50% * Jewellery
    Silver Zn: 25%-35% * Resistance wires
    Ni: 10%-35%
    Uses of Copper
    i. Utensils, kettles, calorimeters

    ii. Synthesis of Various compounds like CuSO4, CuO,


    Pesti/insecticides, etc
    iii. Electroplating, electrotyping
    iv. Coins, jewellery
    v. wires, electrical appliances
    Compounds of Copper
    1) Blue Vitrol: CuSO4.5H2O/Nilo tutho
    Preparation:
    a) CuO / Cu(OH)2 / CuCO3 + dil. H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O + ….
    b) How can you prepare Blue vitrol from Copper?
    2Cu + dil.H2SO4 + O2 2CuSO4 + 2H2O

    aq.CuSO4 CuSO .5 H2O


    crystallisation4
    Properties:
    a) Anhydrous: colorless and hydrated: blue
    b) Water Soluble and insoluble in Alcohol.
    c) Aqueous solution is slightly acidic in nature:
    CuSO4 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4
    d) Axn of Heat:
    CuSO4 .5 H2O Expose
    CuSOto 4air
    .3 H2O CuSO4 .H2OC
    100 0
    3000C
    (blue) (pale blue) (bluish white)
    7500C
    CuSO4 CuO + SO3
    (white) (black)
    e) Axn of Alkalies:
    CuSO4 + NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4
    (bluish white)
    f) Axn with Ammonia:
    CuSO4 + 2NH4OH Cu(OH)2 (bluish white ppt.) + (NH4)2 SO4
    Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2 SO4 + 2NH4OH [Cu(NH3)4 ]SO4 (deep blue sol.) + 4H2O
    tetra
    Usesamine copper(II) sulphate

    a. As electrolyte
    b. As fungicide, antiseptic, germicide
    2) Black Oxide/CuO
    Preparation
    t < 11000C
    a) 2Cu + O2 2CuO (black oxide)

    b) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 CuO + H2O + CO2


    Partial oxidation
    c) 2Cu2O + O2 4CuO
    Properties

    i. Black hygroscopic solid insoluble in water.


    t > 11000C
    ii. 4CuO 2Cu2O + O2

    iii. 3CuO + 2NH3 3Cu + 3 H2O + N2


    Uses
    a) In making green and blue glass.
    b) As oxidising agent.
    3) Red Oxide/Cu2O
    Preparation

    a) CuO + Cu Cu2O (red oxide)


    t > 11000C
    b) 4Cu + O2 2 Cu2O
    t > 11000C
    c) 2 CuO Cu2O + O2
    Properties

    i. Red solid soluble in water.


    Partial oxidation
    ii. 2Cu2O + O2 4CuO
    Uses
    a) In making red glass.
    b) As antirust.

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